Network Working Group                                      T. O'Sullivan
Request for Comments: 139                                       Raytheon
NIC: 6717                                                     7 May 1971

                     Discussion of TELNET Protocol

   The attached discussion is an extension of RFC 137, NIC #6717, and is
   presented to provide useful background to designers and implementers
   to help them interpret the proposed Protocol and evaluate it in
   preparation for further discussion at the Atlantic City meetings.

   While the views in the discussion represent those of various TELNET
   committee members, they should not be interpreted as being the agreed
   view of committee.  They are the author's understanding of some of
   the arguments and background to the PROTOCOL proposed in the TELNET
   PROTOCOL recommendations.

   *  See Footnotes to attached discussion for changes to RFC 137.

Discussion of TELNET PROTOCOL

   The use of a standard, network-wide, intermediate representation of
   terminal code between sites eliminates the need for using and serving
   sites to keep information about the characteristics of each other's
   terminals and terminal handling conventions, but only if the user,
   the using site, and the serving site assume certain responsibilities.

      1. The serving site must specify how the intermediate code will be
         mapped by it into the terminal codes that are expected at that
         site.

2. The user must be familiar with that mapping.

      3. The using site must provide some means for the user to enter
         all of the intermediate codes, and as a convenience, special
         control signals, as well as specify for the user how the
         signals from the serving site will be presented at the user
         terminal.

   Other schemes were considered but rejected.  For example, a proposal
   that the using site be responsible to transmit to and from the code
   expected by the serving site was rejected since it required that the
   using site keep tables of all serving site codes and provide mapping
   for each case.  The information would require constant maintenance as
   new hosts were added to the network.

   Since it is not known how the current or future sites will specify
   the mapping between the network-wide standard code (7 bit ASCII in an
   8 bit field) and the codes expected from their own terminals, it
   seems necessary to permit the user to cause every one of the 128
   ASCII codes, plus (for full user power) selected control signals
   (either of a TELNET control nature, or of a special terminal nature
   such as break or attention).

   There was strong feeling about the importance of the user/system
   interface at the using site, but equally strong feeling that this
   problem is one of local implementation and should reflect the using
   site installation philosophy rather than the subject to network-wide
   standards.  Some topics of consideration in this area are:

      1. How to represent special graphics, not available at the using
         site, at the user's terminal.

      2. Treatment of upper/lower case problem on TTY 33 and 35.

         a. Representing lower-case output.

         b. Providing users with shift and shift lock signals.

3. Incorporating editing capability in TELNET.

      4. Extending user options in Network mode not available to local
         users,
         e.g., hold output

               kill print

      5. Permit users to specify how keyboard input is to be translated,
         e.g., let a character from the terminal cause a specified
         string to be sent by the user's TELNET.

   In early discussions, there was pressure to get a simple statement of
   protocol out early to permit early use of selected systems.  The
   counter pressure to provide a richer set of protocol in the first
   release was also present.  Work started in the direction of the
   latter, but the complexities introduced were not necessary for early
   use of the network.  The proposed solution to the TELNET protocol
   problem seems to provide a mechanism for a minimum implementation (to
   be discussed later) while providing a basis for developing richer
   sets of protocol for present and future use in terminal applications,
   process-process communications, and use by other conventions to pass
   data or control information.

   The understanding that ASCII be used as a network-wide code has been
   established for some time.  Its use in TELNET provided a problem with
   respect to the limitation of a maximum character set of 128.  Some
   systems provide for more than this number in their operation, and
   therefor, as serving sites cannot map on a one for one basis.

   Each such serving site could probably provide a reasonably useful
   character set, including all system control signals, by mapping 128
   of its codes and just not provide a network user access to the other
   codes.  However, any character left out might later be used in a
   major application at that site as a special control signal.  This
   could result in denying network users the facility offered by that
   application.  Serving sites are, therefor, encouraged to provide a
   full mapping between the ASCII code and the code used on the serving
   system.

   The ASCII code for ESC (known to some as ALT MODE) has been selected
   as an escape [1].  For each serving site character not mapped on a
   one for one basis, the serving site can specify an escape character
   or string of escape characters (preferably a printable graphic) to
   represent it.  Thus, the user could enter the full set of serving
   site code from any network terminal operating through the Network
   Virtual Terminal (NVT) ASCII convention.  The serving site, in
   generating output directed at the user's terminal, would be expected
   to map out such a character and transmit the appropriate ESC
   character or string of ESC characters.

      Example: A serving site, whose normal code is EBCDIC, has
      specified that cent ([5]) has not been mapped on a one for one
      basis and that to transmit the character, users must enter ESC
      followed by C.  At a using site, the TELNET implementers have
      decided to try to print out all ESC characters using \ to indicate
      ESC.  On receipt of the representation for cent, the user would
      see \C on his print-out.

   The representation of the end of a physical line at a terminal is
   implemented differently on network HOSTS.  For example, some use a
   return (or new line) key, the terminal hardware both returns the
   carriage or printer to start of line and feeds the paper to the next
   line.  In other implementations, the user hits carriage return and
   the hardware returns carriage while the software returns to the
   terminal a line feed.  The network-wide representation will be
   carriage return followed by line feed.  It represents the physical
   formatting that is being attempted, and is to be interpreted and
   appropriately translated by both using site and serving site.

      Example:  A Multics user is working, through the network, on some
      serving site HOST.  In the course of the session, the user has
      numerous occasions to hit New Line on his Mod 37 TTY.  Each time
      the Multics system is awakened by a New Line interrupt, the line
      of buffered characters is passed to TELNET where it is scanned for
      special characters.  If none is found, carriage return followed by
      line feed is inserted where New Line was entered, and the line is
      turned over to the NCP for transmission.  When the TELNET finds
      the carriage return line feed sequence in the data stream coming
      from the serving site, the two characters are replaced with New
      Line code and sent to the terminal.

   The decision to have the assumed condition for echo be that the using
   site will provide any echo necessary for its terminals was taken
   because of the difficulties faced by some installations that cannot
   turn off their echo or that have terminals that print locally as a
   result of key strokes.  Serving sites could take the position "let
   the user turn my echo off", but this seems an unnecessary burden on
   the user.  In addition, some serving sites may choose not to supply
   any echo service, in which case the no echo assumption will supply a
   network-wide condition, while other assumptions would give a mixed
   starting connection. [2]

   The convention of using "I ECHO", "YOU ECHO" seems to fill both the
   requirements for dynamic echo control and for a minimum
   implementation of TELNET Protocol. [3]  An agreed-upon exchange to
   pass echo control (i.e., two sites exchange the I ECHO/YOU ECHO
   codes) results in passing the control from one site to the other.

      Example:  A serving site is exchanging control information with
      the USER in an area where the serving system asks for pass word
      and wants to suppress the printing of the pass word at the using
      site's user terminal. (In this case, the using site has the
      ability to control the print capability at the user's terminal.)
      Using site has been echoing to the user's terminal.

         Serving Site to Using Site (--->)

            I ECHO

         Using Site to Serving Site (<---)

            YOU ECHO

         --->Pass word:

         <--- (User enters password at terminal)

         ---> (No echo sent)

         ---> YOU ECHO

         <--- I ECHO

      After the exchange, the original normal condition is re-
      established.  If the using site did not have dynamic echo control
      installed in its TELNET implementation, the serving site would
      have signaled I ECHO several times, received no response, and
      assumed that the using site could not comply proceeding to call
      for the pass word without the normal protection of inhibiting
      print.

   TELNET control signals are of two types: one that results in
   transmission of signals down the network to a receiving site; the
   other intended for the user/process site only.  The latter type will
   be discussed later.  So far, we have discussed the former type,
   specifically dealing with echo control.

   The use of ESC should not be considered a TELNET-wide standard, but a
   convention limited to the 7 bit ASCII mode of transmission.  Other
   conventions, to be incorporated later, may include binary
   transmission, EBCDIC, etc.  Presumably, each will have its own
   convention for an escape character to extend its code set.

   Since it is expected that conventions other than ASCII will be
   implemented under TELNET, a code to indicate a DATA TYPE representing
   each set of conventions will be employed.  The control code X'AO' has
   been selected to represent the ASCII convention in TELNET.  Since a
   number of applications may wish to transmit transparently (i.e., 8
   bit binary data), X'Al' is being reserved for that purpose.  The
   TELNET control code X'A2' is reserved for an expected set of EBCDIC
   conventions.  The DATA TYPE is expected as the first byte of data
   over a TELNET connection.  Minimum implementations will be aided by
   providing a default.  That is, if the first byte over a connection
   has the high order bit set as zero, then the transmission has begun
   in ASCII mode.

   Each set of conventions, i.e., each DATA TYPE will be expected to
   have a convention for that DATA TYPE to signal that it is returning
   to control mode.  This return may be for the purpose of making use of
   an existing control codes or to change data type.  X'88' is used [4].

      Example:  At the using site, a terminal has a special device on it
      (e.g., plotter, laboratory instrument, control box, etc.) that is
      controlled by binary code in 8 bit bytes.  The terminal uses a
      special "enter" code that routes signals to the device and cuts

      off printing at the terminal until a special "leave" signal is
      received from the driving process.  The driving process in this
      case is at a remote serving site.  It is assumed in this example
      that a DLE convention is used for transparent transmission, a
      single DLE signal representing return to control.  Normal
      transmission has been in ASCII.

      Driving Process (at Serving Site) to Using Site) ---->

         X'88'X'A1'

      Using Site to Serving Site <----

         X'88'X'88'

      ----------->

         ENTER code...8 bit binary bytes...

      Using Site TELNET to Terminal |
                                    |
                                    V

         Enter code...8 bit binary bytes...

      Terminal

         Turn printer off, feed transparently to special device, look
         for LEAVE signal

      ------------>

         8 bit binary bytes...LEAVE signal...single DLE
         X'A0'

      <-----------

         X'88'X'88

      ------------>

      Message

       |
       |
       V
         8 bit binary data...LEAVE signal MESSAGE

      _Terminal_

      During this sequence of exchanges - at the terminal, feed binary
      data to special device until LEAVE signal is sensed, strip off
      LEAVE signal, turn on printer and block data path to special
      device, print MESSAGE at terminal.

   There is a special control signal on some terminals that has no
   corresponding bit pattern in ASCII, but is transmitted by a special
   electrical signal.  This control signal is ATTN on a 2741 and BREAK
   on a teletype.  The ASCII DATA TYPE in TELNET will use the code X'81'
   to represent BREAK.  (There is a corresponding control signal for use
   from serving sites to using sites for reverse break, and it is
   assigned the code X'82').

   Some systems treat the break as an extra code available for use in
   conjunction with the data stream.  For example, one system uses break
   as a special editing code meaning "delete the current line to this
   point".  In these cases, the code may simply be inserted in the data
   stream with no special additional action by the user.

   Other systems use BREAK or ATTN in a special interrupt fashion, to
   mean stop processing the application and give me the supervisor, or
   cancel the present job, etc.  (Other systems use normal characters
   for this purpose, such as "Control C".)  In these cases, because of
   differences in the ways both serving and using sites operate, it is
   necessary to take a route in addition to the normal TELNET data
   stream to signal that the special control signal is imbedded in the
   data stream.

      _Examples-Problem_

      The PDP-10 normally will, when it fills its input buffer, continue
      to accept characters from a terminal examining each to see if it
      is a control character, then act on it if it is or throw it away
      if it is not.

      Since the TELNET server at the serving site is at the mercy of the
      NCP with respect to controlling the bunching, and therefor,
      arrival at the TELNET of bursts of characters, TELNET
      implementations might be expected to choke off flow to the buffers
      until they are ready to accept characters without throwing them
      away.

   Under this condition, the serving process might be outputting to the
   using terminal, the input buffers fill up, and a control C get stuck
   in the data stream that has been choked off.

   A similar problem could occur with the Multics or some IBM system as
   a server.  The user at a using site gets into an output loop at the
   serving site and wants to break the process without having to release
   his TELNET connection.  The buffers clog the connection, transmission
   is choked off, and the control C break, or other user control signal
   gets stuck in the pipeline.

   _Example - Solution_

   The user at the using site knows he is entering a special control
   signal (break, ATTN, control C, etc.) and follows it with an X'80'.
   (The local instructions at using sites for accomplishing this may
   differ from site to site.)

      Using Site TELNET to Serving Site

         Insert X'80' in Data Stream

      Using Site TELNET to Using Site NCP

         Send an INS

      Sending Site NCP to TELNET Server

         Look out, here she come

      Serving Site TELNET

         Does its special thing until it sees X'80' then resumes
         normal handling

   Thus, depending on the server's local implementation to provide
   adequate service, a special handling of the data stream can be
   invoked whenever an INS is received in order to get the special
   character.  When it sees X'80', it recognizes it as a SYNC character
   and knowing that the special character has been passed on, strips the
   X'80' from the data stream and returns to normal mode.

   If the X'80' arrives before the INS, a counting scheme can keep the
   activity appropriate to the serving site conditions.

   This approach to handling selected special characters or signals
   relieves the using TELNET processes from having to recognize the
   special serving site characters, as well as from having to know how
   the serving site wants to handle them.  At the same time, the

   procedure requires only a minimum level of user understanding of the
   serving site.  This seems appropriate, since the TELNET ASCII
   conventions are providing a Network Virtual Terminal, not a Network
   Virtual User.

   The ability of the user to cause the using site TELNET to send any
   combination of ASCII characters in a string, and only that
   combination, is viewed as important to the user utility of the TELNET
   ASCII conventions.  Because of this, some user sites may find it
   necessary to provide special local TELNET control signalling from the
   user to the using site.

      _Examples_

      A user on a line at a time system (Multics, System 360, GECOS,
      etc.)  is working through the Network on a serving site that
      operates a character at a time.  The application is a debugging
      aid that permits the user to type in a memory location = to which
      it will respond with n where n represents the current contents of
      that location.  The serving site process does not expect to see
      the location = followed by a carriage return line feed sequence.
      The user at the using site should be able to type in the location,
      follow it with a signal to suppress the end of a line convention,
      followed by a new line or return, and expect the location number =
      to be transmitted immediately without an end of line sequence.

      In another case, a using site has decided that it is convenient to
      accumulate four characters at a time and transmit them to the
      serving site, unless an end of line is observed, in which case the
      end of line sequence is sent preceded by whatever number of
      characters have been accumulated, (presumably three or less).  In
      the same debugging application, the address is such that the end
      does not correspond with the four character buffer demarcation.
      The user should have the ability to enter a code for "transmit
      immediately" in place of the Carriage Return in order to preserve
      neat formatting, and expect the address to be sent to the serving
      site.

      TELNET controls have been discussed and those introduced to date
      are probably sufficient for an early implementation of TELNET
      ASCII convention.  There will be a need to establish a mechanism
      for the controlled assignment (on request by Network Sites), and
      announcement of DATA TYPE and CONTROL codes.

      It should be noted that some controls are network-wide TELNET
      controls, while others are specific to the ASCII Data Type.  It
      should be further recognized that some local control messages do
      not require a corresponding network-wide code.

      While it is recognized that even a minimum implementation of
      TELNET for a using site is expected to permit the user to send any
      selected ASCII string (and only that string) to the serving site,
      it is not necessary for a serving site to implement a full mapping
      from ASCII to local code, nor is it necessary for either the using
      or serving sites to implement all control codes.

      _Example - Using Site_

      A minimum implementation of the TELNET protocol for the using site
      would permit ignoring (and stripping) any control signals from the
      serving site since they would all either require agreement or
      acknowledgement (e.g., DATA TYPE, ECHO CONTROL, etc.) or can be
      ignored with no particularly harmful results (e.g., reverse
      break).

      _Example - Serving Site_

      A minimum implementation of the TELNET protocol for the serving
      site could provide one for one mapping for the most important 128
      serving system controls and graphic signals, and ignore all
      control signals.

   It would be helpful if a minimally implemented receiving site, when
   it recognizes an incoming control signal for which appropriate
   reaction is not available, could respond with X'87' (The following
   not implemented at this site) and follow it with the code just
   received.

   Whenever an ASCII TELNET connection is lost, it should be assumed
   that the process at the other end of the connection has been quit,
   aborted, failed, etc.  In this way, a minimum using site installation
   can fail to implement the break and break synchronization, and have
   the user rely on the using site local procedure for leaving a running
   local process and returning to the supervisor to break a connection
   to a remote serving site.

      _Example_

      User recognizes that he is caught in an output loop and wishes to
      stop his user process at the serving site.  The serving site
      requires a break, but the using site minimum implementation has
      not made it available.  Even if it had, the INS was not
      implemented and could not be used to unblock the input pipe.
      Locally, the using site convention for leaving a process and
      getting to supervisory level is to hit the attention key on the
      2741 terminal.  The user does this and is passed to the supervisor
      where he signals to release the TELNET connection.  The serving

      site, seeing that an ASCII TELNET connection has been lost,
      assumes that the user is ended either normally or abnormally.
      Serving site cancels the user's process.  The user tries again by
      re-establishing the connection, logging in again, re-initiating
      the process, etc.

   Other conventions under TELNET may make quite different assumptions
   about lost connections, and some may go as far as dynamic
   establishing and releasing of connections.

   The proposed TELNET ASCII implementation leaves much uncovered, but
   seems to permit early simple implementation with varying levels of
   capability, along with the capacity to expand in several ways to meet
   others needs.

   There is an important open question.  Should a PROTOCOL such as
   TELNET provide the basis for extending a system to perform functions
   that go beyond the normal capacity of the local system.  For example,
   a local system may not provide functions such as Hold Output, Kill
   Print, etc., but it could extend it for network purposes through
   TELNET.  If so, to what extent should such extensions be thought of
   as Network-wide standards as opposed to purely local implementations.

Endnotes

   [1] Please drop the (s) at the end of "character" in paragraph 3,
   page 3, RFC 137, NIC #6714.

   [2] Also make note that the starting assumption in the initial
   exchange between using site and serving site will be that the using
   site will (if necessary) provide echo and the serving site will not.

   [3] Note: Please change RFC #137, NIC #6714, page 4 - Code X'85' to
   read Reserved.

   [4] Please note on page 4 of RFC 137 that the receipt of an X'88'
   should be responded with by the receiver sending a double signal,
   i.e., X'88'X'88' if the new DATA TYPE can be handled.

   [5] Cent sign

          [This RFC was put into machine readable form for entry]
           [into the online RFC archives by Lorrie Shiota, 1/02]

1. The serving site must specify how the intermediate code will be mapped by it into the terminal codes that are expected at that site.

2. The user must be familiar with that mapping.

3. Incorporating editing capability in TELNET.

4. Extending user options in Network mode not available to local users, e.g., hold output

1. The serving site must specify how the intermediate code will be
mapped by it into the terminal codes that are expected at that
site.

4. Extending user options in Network mode not available to local
users,
e.g., hold output