Network Working Group                                           J. Kunze
Request for Comments: 2731                                   Dublin Core
Category: Informational                              Metadata Initiative
                                                           December 1999

Encoding Dublin Core Metadata in HTML

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

1. Abstract

   The Dublin Core [DC1] is a small set of metadata elements for
   describing information resources.  This document explains how these
   elements are expressed using the META and LINK tags of HTML
   [HTML4.0].  A sequence of metadata elements embedded in an HTML file
   is taken to be a description of that file.  Examples illustrate
   conventions allowing interoperation with current software that
   indexes, displays, and manipulates metadata, such as [SWISH-E],
   [freeWAIS-sf2.0], [GLIMPSE], [HARVEST], [ISEARCH], etc., and the Perl
   [PERL] scripts in the appendix.

2. HTML, Dublin Core, and Non-Dublin Core Metadata

   The Dublin Core (DC) metadata initiative [DCHOME] has produced a
   small set of resource description categories [DC1], or elements of
   metadata (literally, data about data).  Metadata elements are
   typically small relative to the resource they describe and may, if
   the resource format permits, be embedded in it.  Two such formats are
   the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and the Extensible Markup
   Language (XML); HTML is currently in wide use, but once standardized,
   XML [XML] in conjunction with the Resource Description Framework
   [RDF] promise a significantly more expressive means of encoding
   metadata.  The [RDF] specification actually describes a way to use
   RDF within an HTML document by adhering to an abbreviated syntax.

   This document explains how to encode metadata using HTML 4.0
   [HTML4.0].  It is not concerned with element semantics, which are
   defined elsewhere.  For illustrative purposes, some element semantics
   are alluded to, but in no way should semantics appearing here be
   considered definitive.

   The HTML encoding allows elements of DC metadata to be interspersed
   with non-DC elements (provided such mixing is consistent with rules
   governing use of those non-DC elements).  A DC element is indicated
   by the prefix "DC", and a non-DC element by another prefix; for
   example, the prefix "AC" is used with elements from the A-Core [AC].

3. The META Tag

   The META tag of HTML is designed to encode a named metadata element.
   Each element describes a given aspect of a document or other
   information resource.  For example, this tagged metadata element,

       <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
             content = "Simpson, Homer">

   says that Homer Simpson is the Creator, where the element named
   Creator is defined in the DC element set.  In the more general form,

       <meta name    = "PREFIX.ELEMENT_NAME"
             content = "ELEMENT_VALUE">

   the capitalized words are meant to be replaced in actual
   descriptions; thus in the example,

             ELEMENT_NAME   was:  Creator
             ELEMENT_VALUE  was:  Simpson, Homer
             and PREFIX     was:  DC

   Within a META tag the first letter of a Dublin Core element name is
   capitalized.  DC places no restriction on alphabetic case in an
   element value and any number of META tagged elements may appear
   together, in any order.  More than one DC element with the same name
   may appear, and each DC element is optional.  The next example is a
   book description with two authors, two titles, and no other metadata.

       <meta name    = "DC.Title"
             content = "The Communist Manifesto">
       <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
             content = "Marx, K.">

4. The LINK Tag

   The LINK tag of HTML may be used to associate an element name prefix
   with the reference definition of the element set that it identifies.
   A sequence of META tags describing a resource is incomplete without
   one such LINK tag for each different prefix appearing in the
   sequence.  The previous example could be considered complete with the
   addition of these two LINK tags:

       <link rel     = "schema.DC"
             href    = "http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
       <link rel     = "schema.AC"
             href    = "http://metadata.net/ac/2.0/">

   In general, the association takes the form

       <link rel     = "schema.PREFIX"
             href    = "LOCATION_OF_DEFINITION">

   where, in actual descriptions, PREFIX is to be replaced by the prefix
   and LOCATION_OF_DEFINITION by the URL or URN of the defining
   document.  When embedded in the HEAD part of an HTML file, a sequence
   of LINK and META tags describes the information in the surrounding
   HTML file itself.  Here is a complete HTML file with its own embedded
   description.

       <html>
       <head>
       <title> A Dirge </title>
       <link rel     = "schema.DC"
             href    = "http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
       <meta name    = "DC.Title"
             content = "A Dirge">
       <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
             content = "Shelley, Percy Bysshe">
       <meta name    = "DC.Type"
             content = "poem">
       <meta name    = "DC.Date"
             content = "1820">
       <meta name    = "DC.Format"
             content = "text/html">
       <meta name    = "DC.Language"
             content = "en">
       </head>
       <body><pre>
               Rough wind, that moanest loud
                 Grief too sad for song;
               Wild wind, when sullen cloud
                 Knells all the night long;
               Sad storm, whose tears are vain,
               Bare woods, whose branches strain,
               Deep caves and dreary main, -
                 Wail, for the world's wrong!
       </pre></body>
       </html>

5. Encoding Recommendations

   HTML allows more flexibility in principle and in practice than is
   recommended here for encoding metadata.  Limited flexibility
   encourages easy development of software for extracting and processing
   metadata.  At this early evolutionary stage of internet metadata,
   easy prototyping and experimentation hastens the development of
   useful standards.

   Adherence is therefore recommended to the tagging style exemplified
   in this document as regards prefix and element name capitalization,
   double-quoting (") of attribute values, and not starting more than
   one META tag on a line.  There is much room for flexibility, but
   choosing a style and sticking with it will likely make metadata
   manipulation and editing easier.  The following META tags adhere to
   the recommendations and carry identical metadata in three different
   styles:

       <META NAME="DC.Format"
             CONTENT="text/html; 12 Kbytes">
       <meta
               Content = "text/html; 12 Kbytes"
               Name = "DC.Format"
       >
       <meta name = "DC.Format" content = "text/html; 12 Kbytes">

   Use of these recommendations is known to result in metadata that may
   be harvested, indexed, and manipulated by popular, freely available
   software packages such as [SWISH-E], [freeWAIS-sf2.0], [GLIMPSE],
   [HARVEST], and [ISEARCH], among others.  These conventions also work
   with the metadata processing scripts appearing in the appendix, as
   well as with most of the [DCPROJECTS] applications referenced from
   the [DCHOME] site.  Software support for the LINK tag and qualifier
   conventions (see the next section) is not currently widespread.

   Ordering of metadata elements is not preserved in general.  Writers
   of software for metadata indexing and display should try to preserve
   relative ordering among META tagged elements having the same name
   (e.g., among multiple authors), however, metadata providers and
   searchers have no guarantee that ordering will be preserved in
   metadata that passes through unknown systems.

6. Dublin Core in Real Descriptions

   In actual resource description it is often necessary to qualify
   Dublin Core elements to add nuances of meaning.  While neither the
   general principles nor the specific semantics of DC qualifiers are
   within scope of this document, everyday uses of the qualifier syntax
   are illustrated to lend realism to later examples.  Without further
   explanation, the three ways in which the optional qualifier syntax is
   currently (subject to change) used to supplement the META tag may be
   summarized as follows:

    <meta lang    = "LANGUAGE_OF_METADATA_CONTENT" ... >

    <meta scheme  = "CONTROLLED_FORMAT_OR_VOCABULARY_OF_METADATA" ... >

7. Encoding Dublin Core Elements

   This section consists of very simple Dublin Core encoding examples,
   arranged by element.

   Title (name given to the resource)
   -----

    <meta name    = "DC.Title"
          content = "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination">

    <meta name    = "DC.Title"
          content = "Crime and Punishment">

    <meta name    = "DC.Title"
          content = "Methods of Information in Medicine, Vol 32, No 4">

    <meta name    = "DC.Title"
          content = "Still life #4 with flowers">

    <meta name    = "DC.Title"
          lang    = "de"
          content = "Das Wohltemperierte Klavier, Teil I">

   Creator (entity that created the content)
   -------

    <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
          content = "Gogh, Vincent van">
    <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
          content = "van Gogh, Vincent">

    <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
          content = "Mao Tse Tung">
    <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
          content = "Mao, Tse Tung">

    <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
          content = "Plato">
    <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
          lang    = "fr"
          content = "Platon">

    <meta name    = "DC.Creator.Director"
          content = "Sturges, Preston">
    <meta name    = "DC.Creator.Writer"
          content = "Hecht, Ben">
    <meta name    = "DC.Creator.Producer"
          content = "Chaplin, Charles">

   Subject (topic or keyword)
   -------

    <meta name    = "DC.Subject"
          content = "heart attack">
    <meta name    = "DC.Subject"
          scheme  = "MESH"
          content = "Myocardial Infarction; Pericardial Effusion">

    <meta name    = "DC.Subject"
          content = "vietnam war">
    <meta name    = "DC.Subject"
          scheme  = "LCSH"
          content = "Vietnamese Conflict, 1961-1975">

    <meta name    = "DC.Subject"
          content = "Friendship">
    <meta name    = "DC.Subject"
          scheme  = "ddc"
          content = "158.25">

   Description (account, summary, or abstract of the content)
   -----------

    <meta name    = "DC.Description"
          lang    = "en"
          content = "The Author gives some Account of Himself and Family
                     -- His First Inducements to Travel -- He is
                     Shipwrecked, and Swims for his Life -- Gets safe on
                     Shore in the Country of Lilliput -- Is made a
                     Prisoner, and carried up the Country">

    <meta name    = "DC.Description"
          content = "A tutorial and reference manual for Java.">

    <meta name    = "DC.Description"
          content = "Seated family of five, coconut trees to the left,
                     sailboats moored off sandy beach to the right,
                     with volcano in the background.">

   Publisher (entity that made the resource available)
   ---------

    <meta name    = "DC.Publisher"
          content = "O'Reilly">

    <meta name    = "DC.Publisher"
          content = "Digital Equipment Corporation">

    <meta name    = "DC.Publisher"
          content = "University of California Press">

    <meta name    = "DC.Publisher"
          content = "State of Florida (USA)">

   Contributor (other entity that made a contribution)
   -----------

    <meta name    = "DC.Contributor"
          content = "Curie, Marie">

    <meta name    = "DC.Contributor.Photographer"
          content = "Adams, Ansel">
    <meta name    = "DC.Contributor.Artist"
          content = "Sendak, Maurice">
    <meta name    = "DC.Contributor.Editor"
          content = "Starr, Kenneth">

   Date (of an event in the life of the resource; [WTN8601] recommended)
   ----

    <meta name    = "DC.Date"
          content = "1972">

    <meta name    = "DC.Date"
          content = "1998-05-14">
    <meta name    = "DC.Date"
          scheme  = "WTN8601"
          content = "1998-05-14">

    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Created"
          content = "1998-05-14">
    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Available"
          content = "1998-05-21">
    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Valid"
          content = "1998-05-28">

    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Created"
          content = "triassic">
    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Acquired"
          content = "1957">

    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Accepted"
          scheme  = "WTN8601"
          content = "1998-12-02T16:59">

    <meta name    = "DC.Date.DataGathered"
          scheme  = "ISO8601"
          content = "98-W49-3T1659">

    <meta name    = "DC.Date.Issued"
          scheme  = "ANSI.X3.X30-1985"
          content = "19980514">

   Type (nature, genre, or category; [DCT1] recommended)
   ----

    <meta name    = "DC.Type"
          content = "poem">

    <meta name    = "DC.Type"
          scheme  = "DCT1"
          content = "software">
    <meta name    = "DC.Type"
          content = "software program source code">

8. Security Considerations

   The syntax rules for encoding Dublin Core metadata in HTML that are
   documented here pose no direct risk to computers and networks.
   People can use these rules to encode metadata that is inaccurate or
   even deliberately misleading (creating mischief in the form of "index
   spam"), however, this reflects a general pattern of HTML META tag
   abuse that is not limited to the encoding of metadata from the Dublin
   Core set.  Even traditional metadata encoding schemes (e.g., [MARC])
   are not immune to inaccuracy, although they are generally followed in
   environments where production quality greatly exceeds that of the
   average Web site.

   Systems that process metadata encoded with META tags need to consider
   issues related to its accuracy and validity as part of their design
   and implementation, and users of such systems need to consider the
   design and implementation assumptions.  Various approaches may be
   relevant for certain applications, such as adding statements of
   metadata provenance, signing of metadata with digital signatures, and
   automating certain aspects of metadata creation; but these are far
   outside the scope of this document and the underlying META tag syntax
   that it describes.

9. Appendix -- Perl Scripts that Manipulate HTML Encoded Metadata

   This section contains two simple programs that work with versions 4
   and 5 of the Perl [PERL] scripting language interpreter.  They may be
   taken and freely adapted for local organizational needs, research
   proposals, venture capital bids, etc.  A variety of applications are
   within easy reach of implementors that choose to build on these
   scripts.

   Script 1:  Metadata Format Conversion
   -------------------------------------

   Here is a simple Perl script that correctly recognizes every example
   of metadata encoding in this document.  It shows how a modest
   scripting effort can produce a utility that converts metadata from
   one format to another.  Minor changes are sufficient to support a
   number of output formats.

#!/depot/bin/perl
#
# This simple perl script extracts metadata embedded in an HTML file
# and outputs it in an alternate format.  Issues warning about missing
# element name or value.
#
# Handles mixed case tags and attribute values, one per line or spanning
# several lines.  Also handles a quoted string spanning multiple lines.
# No error checking.  Does not tolerate more than one "<meta" per line.

print "@(urc;\n";
while (<>) {
        next if (! /<meta/i);
        ($meta) = /(<meta.*$)/i;
        if (! /<meta.*>/i) {
                while (<>) {
                        $meta .= $_;
                        last if (/>/);
                }
        }
        $name     =    $meta =~ /name\s*=\s*"([^"]*)"/i
                        ? $1 : "MISSING ELEMENT NAME";
        $content  = $meta =~ /content\s*=\s*"([^"]*)"/i
                        ? $1 : "MISSING ELEMENT VALUE";
        ($scheme) =  $meta =~ /scheme\s*=\s*"([^"]*)"/i;
        ($lang)   =    $meta =~ /lang\s*=\s*"([^"]*)"/i;

        if ($lang || $scheme) {
                $mod = " ($lang";
                if (! $scheme)

{ $mod .= ")"; }
                elsif (! $lang)
                        { $mod .= "$scheme)" }
                else
                        { $mod .= ", $scheme)"; }
        }
        else
                { $mod = ""; }

        print "    @|$name$mod; $content\n";
}
print "@)urc;\n";
# ---- end of Perl script ----

   When the conversion script is run on the metadata file example from
   the LINK tag section (section 4), it produces the following output.

        @(urc;
            @|DC.Title; A Dirge
            @|DC.Creator; Shelley, Percy Bysshe
            @|DC.Type; poem
            @|DC.Date; 1820
            @|DC.Format; text/html
            @|DC.Language; en
        @)urc;

   Script 2:  Automated Metadata Creation
   --------------------------------------

   The creation and maintenance of high-quality metadata can be
   extremely expensive without automation to assist in processes such as
   supplying pre-set or computed defaults, validating syntax, verifying
   value ranges, spell checking, etc.  Considerable relief could be had
   from a script that reduced an individual provider's metadata burden
   to just the title of each document.  Below is such a script.  It lets
   the provider of an HTML document abbreviate an entire embedded
   resource description using a single HTML comment statement that looks
   like

       

   Our script processes this statement specially as a kind of "metadata
   block" declaration with attached title.  The general form is

   This statement works much like a "Web server-side include" in that
   the script replaces it with a fully-specified block of metadata and
   triggers other replacements.  Once installed, the script can output
   HTML files suitable for integration into one's production Web server
   procedures.

   The individual provider keeps a separate "template" file of
   infrequently changing pre-set values for metadata elements.  If the
   provider's needs are simple enough, the only element values besides
   the title that differ from one document to the next may be generated
   automatically.  Using the script, values may be referenced as
   variables from within the template or within the document.  Our
   variable references have the form "(--mbVARNAME)", and here is what
   they look like inside a template:

       <title> (--mbtitle) </title>
       <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
             content = "Simpson, Homer">
       <meta name    = "DC.Title"
             content = "(--mbtitle)">
       <meta name    = "DC.Date.Created"
             content = "(--mbfilemodtime)">
       <meta name    = "DC.Identifier"
             content = "(--mbbaseURL)/(--mbfilename)">
       <meta name    = "DC.Format"
             content = "text/html; (--mbfilesize)">
       <meta name    = "DC.Language"
             content = "(--mblanguage)-BUREAUCRATESE">
       <meta name    = "RC.MetadataAuthority"
             content = "Springfield Nuclear">
       <link rel     = "schema.DC"
             href    = "http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
       <link rel     = "schema.RC"
             href    = "http://nukes.org/ReactorCore/rc">

   The above template represents the metadata block that will describe
   the document once the variable references are replaced with real
   values.  By the conventions of our script, the following variables
   will be replaced in both the template and in the document:

       (--mbfilesize)            size of the final output file
       (--mbtitle)               title of the document
       (--mblanguage)            language of the document
       (--mbbaseURL)             beginning part of document identifier
       (--mbfilename)            last part (minus .html) of identifier
       (--mbfilemodtime)         last modification date of the document

Here's an example HTML file to run the script on.

       <html>
       <head>
       
       <meta name    = "DC.Type"
             content = "Memorandum">
       </head>
       <body>
       <p>
       From:  Acting Shift Supervisor
       To:    Plant Control Personnel
       RE:    (--mbtitle)
       Date:  (--mbfilemodtime)
       <p>
       Pursuant to directive DOH:10.2001/405aec of article B-2022,
       subsection 48.2.4.4.1c regarding staff morale and employee
       productivity standards, the current allocation of doughnut
       acquisition funds shall be increased effective immediately.
       </body>
       </html>

   Note that because replacement occurs throughout the document, the
   provider need only enter the title once instead of twice (normally
   the title must be entered once in the HTML head and again in the HTML
   body).  After running the script, the above file is transformed into
   this:

       <html>
       <head>
           <title> Nutritional Allocation Increase </title>
       <meta name    = "DC.Creator"
             content = "Simpson, Homer">
       <meta name    = "DC.Title"
             content = "Nutritional Allocation Increase">
       <meta name    = "DC.Date.Created"
             content = "1999-03-08">
       <meta name    = "DC.Identifier"
             content = "http://moes.bar.com/doh/homer.html">
       <meta name    = "DC.Format"
             content = "text/html;    1320  bytes">
       <meta name    = "DC.Language"
             content = "en-BUREAUCRATESE">
       <meta name    = "RC.MetadataAuthority"
             content = "Springfield Nuclear">
       <link rel     = "schema.DC"
             href    = "http://purl.org/DC/elements/1.0/">
       <link rel     = "schema.RC"

href    = "http://nukes.org/ReactorCore/rc">
       <meta name    = "DC.Type"
             content = "Memorandum">
       </head>
       <body>
       <p>
       From:  Acting Shift Supervisor
       To:    Plant Control Personnel
       RE:    Nutritional Allocation Increase
       Date:  1999-03-08
       <p>
       Pursuant to directive DOH:10.2001/405aec of article B-2022,
       subsection 48.2.4.4.1c regarding staff morale and employee
       productivity standards, the current allocation of doughnut
       acquisition funds shall be increased effective immediately.
       </body>
       </html>

   Here is the script that accomplishes this transformation.

#!/depot/bin/perl
#
# This Perl script processes metadata block declarations of the form
#  and variable references of the
# form (--mbVARNAME), replacing them with full metadata blocks and
# variable values, respectively.  Requires a "template" file.
# Outputs an HTML file.
#
# Invoke this script with a single filename argument, "foo".  It creates
# an output file "foo.html" using a temporary working file "foo.work".
# The size of foo.work is measured after variable replacement, and is
# later inserted into the file in such a way that the file's size does
# not change in the process.  Has little or no error checking.

$infile = shift;
open(IN, "< $infile")
        or die("Could not open input file \"$infile\"");
$workfile = "$infile.work";
unlink($workfile);
open(WORK, "+> $workfile")
        or die("Could not open work file \"$workfile\"");

@offsets = ();          # records locations for late size replacement
$title = "";            # gets the title during metablock processing
$language = "en";       # pre-set language here (not in the template)
$baseURL = "http://moes.bar.com/doh";   # pre-set base URL here also
$filename = "$infile.html";             # final output filename
$filesize = "(--mbfilesize)";           # replaced late (separate pass)

($year, $month, $day) = (localtime( (stat IN) [9] ))[5, 4, 3];
$filemodtime = sprintf "%s-%02s-%02s", 1900 + $year, 1 + $month, $day;

sub putout {            # outputs current line with variable replacement
        if (! /$--mb/) {
                print WORK;
                return;
        }
        if (/\(--mbfilesize$/)                 # remember where it was
                { push @offsets, tell WORK; }   # but don't replace yet
        s/$--mbtitle$/$title/g;
        s/$--mblanguage$/$language/g;
        s/$--mbbaseURL$/$baseURL/g;
        s/$--mbfilename$/$filename/g;
        s/$--mbfilemodtime$/$filemodtime/g;
        print WORK;
}

while (<IN>) {                          # main loop for input file
        if (! /(.*)(.*)//) {
                $remainder = $1;
        }
        else {
                while (<IN>) {
                        $title .= $_;
                        last if (/(.*)\s*-->(.*)/);
                }
                $title .= $1;
                $remainder = $2;
        }
        open(TPLATE, "< template")
                or die("Could not open template file");
        while (<TPLATE>)                # subloop for template file
                { &putout; }
        close(TPLATE);
        $_ = $remainder;
        &putout;

}
close(IN);

# Now replace filesize variables without altering total byte count.
select( (select(WORK), $| = 1) [0] );   # first flush output so we
if (($size = -s WORK) < 100000)         # can get final file size
        { $scale = 0; }                 # and set scale factor or
else {                  # compute it, keeping width of size field low
        for ($scale = 0; $size >= 1000; $scale++)
                { $size /= 1024; }
}
$filesize = sprintf "%7.7s %sbytes",
        $size, (" ", "K", "M", "G", "T", "P") [$scale];

foreach $pos (@offsets) {       # loop through saved size locations
        seek WORK, $pos, 0;             # read the line found there
        $_ = <WORK>;
        # $filesize must be exactly as wide as "(--mbfilesize)"
        s/$--mbfilesize$/$filesize/g;
        seek WORK, $pos, 0;             # rewrite it with replacement
        print WORK;
}

close(WORK);
rename($workfile, "$filename")
        or die("Could not rename \"$workfile\" to \"$filename\"");
# ---- end of Perl script ----

10. Author's Address

   John A. Kunze
   Center for Knowledge Management
   University of California, San Francisco
   530 Parnassus Ave, Box 0840
   San Francisco, CA  94143-0840, USA

   Fax:   +1 415-476-4653
   EMail: jak@ckm.ucsf.edu

11. References

   [AAT]            Art and Architecture Thesaurus, Getty Information
                    Institute.
                    http://shiva.pub.getty.edu/aat_browser/

   [AC]             The A-Core: Metadata about Content Metadata, (in
                    progress)
                    http://metadata.net/ac/draft-iannella-admin-01.txt

   [DC1]            Weibel, S., Kunze, J., Lagoze, C. and M. Wolf,
                    "Dublin Core Metadata for Resource Discovery", RFC
                    2413, September 1998.
                    ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2413.txt

   [DCHOME]         Dublin Core Initiative Home Page.
                    http://purl.org/DC/

   [DCPROJECTS]     Projects Using Dublin Core Metadata.
                    http://purl.org/DC/projects/index.htm

   [DCT1]           Dublin Core Type List 1, DC Type Working Group,
                    March 1999.
                    http://www.loc.gov/marc/typelist.html

   [freeWAIS-sf2.0] The enhanced freeWAIS distribution, February 1999.
                    http://ls6-www.cs.uni-
                    dortmund.de/ir/projects/freeWAIS-sf/

   [GLIMPSE]        Glimpse Home Page.
                    http://glimpse.cs.arizona.edu/

   [HARVEST]        Harvest Web Indexing.
                    http://www.tardis.ed.ac.uk/harvest/

   [HTML4.0]        Hypertext Markup Language 4.0 Specification, April
                    1998.
                    http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/

   [ISEARCH]        Isearch Resources Page.
                    http://www.etymon.com/Isearch/

   [ISO639-2]       Code for the representation of names of languages,
                    1996.
                    http://www.indigo.ie/egt/standards/iso639/iso639-2-
                    en.html

   [ISO8601]        ISO 8601:1988(E), Data elements and interchange
                    formats -- Information interchange -- Representation
                    of dates and times, International Organization for
                    Standardization, June 1988.
                    http://www.iso.ch/markete/8601.pdf

   [MARC]           USMARC Format for Bibliographic Data, US Library of
                    Congress.
                    http://lcweb.loc.gov/marc/marc.html

   [PERL]           L. Wall, T. Christiansen, R. Schwartz, Programming
                    Perl, Second Edition, O'Reilly, 1996.

   [RDF]            Resource Description Framework Model and Syntax
                    Specification, February 1999.
                    http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/

   [RFC1766]        Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of
                    Languages", RFC 1766, March 1996.
                    ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1766.txt

   [SWISH-E]        Simple Web Indexing System for Humans - Enhanced.
                    http://sunsite.Berkeley.EDU/SWISH-E/

   [TGN]            Thesaurus of Geographic Names, Getty Information
                    Institute.
                    http://shiva.pub.getty.edu/tgn_browser/

   [WTN8601]        W3C Technical Note - Profile of ISO 8601 Date and
                    Time Formats.
                    http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime

   [XML]            Extensible Markup Language (XML).
                    http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml

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