Network Working Group R. Housley Request for Comments: 4334 Vigil Security Obsoletes: 3770 T. Moore Category: Standards Track Microsoft February 2006
Certificate Extensions and Attributes Supporting Authentication in Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006).
Abstract
This document defines two Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) extended key usage values and a public key certificate extension to carry Wireless LAN (WLAN) System Service identifiers (SSIDs). This document obsoletes RFC 3770.
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RFC 4334 Supporting Authentication in PPP and WLAN February 2006
Several Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) [EAP] authentication methods employ X.509 public key certificates. For example, EAP-TLS [EAP-TLS] can be used with PPP [PPP] as well as IEEE 802.1X [802.1X]. PPP is used for dial-up and VPN environments. IEEE 802.1X defines port-based, network access control, and it is used to provide authenticated network access for Ethernet, Token Ring, Wireless LANs (WLANs) [802.11], and other IEEE 802 networks.
Automated selection of client certificates for use with PPP and IEEE 802.1X is highly desirable. By using certificate extensions to identify the intended environment for a particular certificate, the need for user input is minimized. Further, the certificate extensions facilitate the separation of administrative functions associated with certificates used for different environments.
IEEE 802.1X can be used for authentication with multiple networks. For example, the same wireless station might use IEEE 802.1X to authenticate to a corporate IEEE 802.11 WLAN and a public IEEE 802.11 "hotspot." Each of these IEEE 802.11 WLANs has a different network name, called Service Set Identifier (SSID). If the network operators have a roaming agreement, then cross-realm authentication allows the same certificate to be used on both networks. However, if the networks do not have a roaming agreement, then the IEEE 802.1X supplicant needs to select a certificate for the current network environment. Including a list of SSIDs in a certificate extension facilitates automated selection of an appropriate X.509 public key certificate without human user input. Alternatively, a companion attribute certificate could contain the list of SSIDs.
This document defines extended key usage values and a WLAN-specific certificate extension for use in certificates issued to clients of PPP and WLANs.
This document is primarily same as RFC 3770. Six significant changes are included:
* This document now uses the same normative reference for ASN.1 as RFC 3280 [PROFILE]. The intent is to have the same dependencies.
* The discussion of the critical bit in the certificate extension in section 2 is aligned with RFC 3280. Also, the discussion of the key usage certificate extension was expanded.
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* RFC 3770 contained a typographical error in the object identifier for the Wireless LAN SSID Attribute Certificate Attribute. Section 4 corrects the typographical error.
* Clarified that the SSID extension may appear in certificates that do not include the extended key usage extension.
* Uses the terms "peer", "EAP Server", and "supplicant" as they are defined in [EAP] and [802.1X]. RFC 3770 used "client" and "server".
* The object identifier for the extended key usage certificate extension is listed in RFC 3280, and it is no longer repeated in this document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [STDWORDS].
RFC 3280 [PROFILE] specifies the extended key usage X.509 certificate extension. The extension indicates one or more purposes for which the certified public key may be used. The extended key usage extension can be used in conjunction with key usage extension, which indicates the intended purpose of the certified public key.
The extended key usage extension syntax is repeated here for convenience:
ExtKeyUsageSyntax ::= SEQUENCE SIZE (1..MAX) OF KeyPurposeId
KeyPurposeId ::= OBJECT IDENTIFIER
This specification defines two KeyPurposeId values: one for EAP over PPP, and one for EAP over LAN (EAPOL). Inclusion of the EAP over PPP value indicates that the certified public key is appropriate for use by a peer with EAP in the PPP environment. The inclusion of the EAPOL value indicates that the certified public key is appropriate
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for use by a peer with the EAP in the LAN environment. Inclusion of both values indicates that the certified public key is appropriate for use by a peer in either of the environments.
The extended key usage extension MAY, at the option of the certificate issuer, be either critical or non-critical.
Certificate-using applications MAY require the extended key usage extension to be present in a certificate, and they MAY require a particular KeyPurposeId value to be present (such as id-kp-eapOverPPP or id-kp-eapOverLAN) within the extended key usage extension. If multiple KeyPurposeId values are included, the certificate-using application need not recognize all of them, as long as the required KeyPurposeId value is present.
If a certificate contains a key usage extension, the KeyUsage bits that are needed depends on the EAP method that is employed.
If a certificate contains both a key usage extension and an extended key usage extension, then both extensions MUST be processed independently, and the certificate MUST only be used for a purpose consistent with both extensions. If there is no purpose consistent with both extensions, then the certificate-using application MUST NOT use the certificate for any purpose.
The Wireless LAN (WLAN) System Service identifiers (SSIDs) public key certificate extension is always non-critical. It contains a list of SSIDs. The list of SSIDs MAY be used to select the correct certificate for authentication in a particular WLAN.
If the extended key usage extension appears in the same certificate as the SSID extension, then the extended key usage extension MUST indicate that the certified public key is appropriate for use with the EAP in the LAN environment by including the id-kp-eapOverLAN KeyPurposeId value.
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Since SSID values are unmanaged, the same SSID can appear in different certificates that are intended to be used with different WLANs. When this occurs, automatic selection of the certificate will fail, and the implementation SHOULD obtain help from the user to choose the correct certificate. In cases where a human user is unavailable, each potential certificate MAY be tried until one succeeds. However, by maintaining a cache of Access Point (AP) MAC addresses or an EAP server identity with which the certificate has successfully authenticated, user involvement can be minimized. RADIUS [RADIUS1, RADIUS2] is usually used as the authentication service in WLAN deployments. The cache can be used to avoid future human user interaction or certificate selection by trial and error.
The WLAN SSID extension is identified by id-pe-wlanSSID.
When the public key certificate does not include the WLAN SSID certificate extension, then an attribute certificate [ACPROFILE] can be used to associate a list of SSIDs with the public key certificate. The WLAN SSIDs attribute certificate attribute contains a list of SSIDs, and the list of SSIDs MAY be used to select the correct certificate for authentication in a particular WLAN environment.
The WLAN SSID attribute certificate attribute is identified by id-aca-wlanSSID.
The procedures and practices employed by the certification authority (CA) MUST ensure that the correct values for the extended key usage extension and SSID extension are inserted in each certificate that is issued. Relying parties may accept or reject a particular certificate for an intended use based on the information provided in these extensions. Incorrect representation of the information in either extension could cause the relying party to reject an otherwise appropriate certificate or accept a certificate that ought to be rejected.
If multiple SSIDs are included in a certificate, then information can be obtained from a certificate about the SSIDs associated with several WLANs, not with the WLAN that is currently being accessed. The intended use of the SSID extensions is to help a peer determine the correct certificate to present when trying to gain access to a WLAN. In most situations, including EAP-TLS, the peer will have the opportunity to validate the certificate provided by the EAP server before transmitting one of its own certificates to the EAP server. While the peer may not be sure that the EAP server has access to the corresponding private key until later in the protocol exchange, the identity information in the EAP server certificate can be used to determine whether or not the peer certificate ought to be provided. When the same peer certificate is used to authenticate to multiple WLANs, the list of SSIDs is available from servers associated with each WLAN. Of course, the list of SSIDs is also made available to any eavesdroppers on the WLAN. Whenever this SSID disclosure is a concern, different peer certificates ought to be used for the each WLAN.
SSID values are unmanaged; therefore, SSIDs may not be unique. Hence, it is possible for peer certificates that are intended to be used with different WLANs to contain the same SSID. In this case, automatic selection of the certificate will fail, and the implementation SHOULD obtain help from the user to choose the correct certificate. If a human user is unavailable, each potential certificate MAY be tried until one succeeds, disclosing the list of SSIDs associated with each certificate, which might otherwise not be
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disclosed. Therefore, it is RECOMMENDED that sequentially trying each certificate only be employed when user selection is unavailable or impractical.
In practice, disclosure of the SSID is of little concern. Some WLAN security experts recommend that the SSID be masked in the beacon sent out by Access Points (APs). The intent is to make it harder for an attacker to find the correct AP to target. However, other WLAN management messages include the SSID, so this practice only forces the attacker to eavesdrop on the WLAN management messages instead of the beacon. Therefore, placing the SSID in the certificate does not make matters worse.
Certificate extensions and extended key usage values are identified by object identifiers (OIDs). The OIDs used in this document were assigned from an arc delegated by the IANA. No further action by the IANA is necessary for this document or any anticipated updates.
[ACPROFILE] Farrell, S. and R. Housley, "An Internet Attribute Certificate Profile for Authorization", RFC 3281, April 2002.
[PROFILE] Housley, R., Polk, W., Ford, W., and D. Solo, "Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure: Certificate and Certificate Revocation List (CRL) Profile", RFC 3280, April 2002.
[EAP] Aboba, B., Blunk, L., Vollbrechtand, J., Carlson, J., and H. Levkowetz, "Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)", RFC 3748, June 2004.
[STDWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[X.509] ITU-T. Recommendation X.509: The Directory - Authentication Framework. 2000.
[EAP-TLS] Aboba, B. and D. Simon, "PPP EAP TLS Authentication Protocol", RFC 2716, October 1999.
[PPP] Simpson, W., "The Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)", STD 51, RFC 1661, July 1994.
[RADIUS1] Rigney, C., Willens, S., Rubens, A., and W. Simpson, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2865, June 2000.
[RADIUS2] Congdon, P., Aboba, B., Smith, A., Zorn, G., and J. Roese, "IEEE 802.1X Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS) Usage Guidelines", RFC 3580, September 2003.
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RFC 4334 Supporting Authentication in PPP and WLAN February 2006
Authors' Addresses
Russell Housley Vigil Security, LLC 918 Spring Knoll Drive Herndon, VA 20170 USA
EMail: housley@vigilsec.com
Tim Moore Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 USA
EMail: timmoore@microsoft.com
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