This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document describes "i;unicode-casemap", a simple case- insensitive collation for Unicode strings. It provides equality, substring, and ordering operations.
The "i;ascii-casemap" collation described in [COMPARATOR] is quite simple to implement and provides case-independent comparisons for the 26 Latin alphabetics. It is specified as the default and/or baseline comparator in some application protocols, e.g., [IMAP-SORT].
However, the "i;ascii-casemap" collation does not produce satisfactory results with non-ASCII characters. It is possible, with a modest extension, to provide a more sophisticated collation with greater multilingual applicability than "i;ascii-casemap". This extension provides case-independent comparisons for a much greater number of characters. It also collates characters with diacriticals with the non-diacritical character forms.
This collation, "i;unicode-casemap", is intended to be an alternative to, and preferred over, "i;ascii-casemap". It does not replace the "i;basic" collation described in [BASIC].
The "i;unicode-casemap" collation is a simple collation which is case-insensitive in its treatment of characters. It provides equality, substring, and ordering operations. The validity test operation returns "valid" for any input.
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RFC 5051 i;unicode-casemap October 2007
This collation allows strings in arbitrary (and mixed) character sets, as long as the character set for each string is identified and it is possible to convert the string to Unicode. Strings which have an unidentified character set and/or cannot be converted to Unicode are not rejected, but are treated as binary.
Each input string is prepared by converting it to a "titlecased canonicalized UTF-8" string according to the following steps, using UnicodeData.txt ([UNICODE-DATA]):
(1) A Unicode codepoint is obtained from the input string.
(a) If the input string is in a known charset that can be converted to Unicode, a sequence in the string's charset is read and checked for validity according to the rules of that charset. If the sequence is valid, it is converted to a Unicode codepoint. Note that for input strings in UTF-8, the UTF-8 sequence must be valid according to the rules of [UTF-8]; e.g., overlong UTF-8 sequences are invalid.
(b) If the input string is in an unknown charset, or an invalid sequence occurs in step (1)(a), conversion ceases. No further preparation is performed, and any partial preparation results are discarded. The original string is used unchanged with the i;octet comparator.
(2) The following steps, using UnicodeData.txt ([UNICODE-DATA]), are performed on the resulting codepoint from step (1)(a).
(a) If the codepoint has a titlecase property in UnicodeData.txt (this is normally the same as the uppercase property), the codepoint is converted to the codepoints in the titlecase property.
(b) If the resulting codepoint from (2)(a) has a decomposition property of any type in UnicodeData.txt, the codepoint is converted to the codepoints in the decomposition property. This step is recursively applied to each of the resulting codepoints until no more decomposition is possible (effectively Normalization Form KD).
Example: codepoint U+01C4 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER DZ WITH CARON) has a titlecase property of U+01C5 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON). Codepoint U+01C5 has a decomposition property of U+0044 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D) U+017E (LATIN SMALL LETTER Z WITH CARON). U+017E has a decomposition property of U+007A (LATIN SMALL LETTER Z) U+030c
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RFC 5051 i;unicode-casemap October 2007
(COMBINING CARON). Neither U+0044, U+007A, nor U+030C have any decomposition properties. Therefore, U+01C4 is converted to U+0044 U+007A U+030C by this step.
(3) The resulting codepoint(s) from step (2) is/are appended, in UTF-8 format, to the "titlecased canonicalized UTF-8" string.
(4) Repeat from step (1) until there is no more data in the input string.
Following the above preparation process on each string, the equality, ordering, and substring operations are as for i;octet.
It is permitted to use an alternative implementation of the above preparation process if it produces the same results. For example, it may be more convenient for an implementation to convert all input strings to a sequence of UTF-16 or UTF-32 values prior to performing any of the step (2) actions. Similarly, if all input strings are (or are convertible to) Unicode, it may be possible to use UTF-32 as an alternative to UTF-8 in step (3).
Note: UTF-16 is unsuitable as an alternative to UTF-8 in step (3), because UTF-16 surrogates will cause i;octet to collate codepoints U+E0000 through U+FFFF after non-BMP codepoints.
This collation is not locale sensitive. Consequently, care should be taken when using OS-supplied functions to implement this collation. Functions such as strcasecmp and toupper are sometimes locale sensitive and may inconsistently casemap letters.
The i;unicode-casemap collation is well suited to use with many Internet protocols and computer languages. Use with natural language is often inappropriate; even though the collation apparently supports languages such as Swahili and English, in real-world use it tends to mis-sort a number of types of string:
o people and place names containing scripts that are not collated according to "alphabetical order". o words with characters that have diacriticals. However, i;unicode-casemap generally does a better job than i;ascii-casemap for most (but not all) languages. For example, German umlaut letters will sort correctly, but some Scandinavian letters will not. o names such as "Lloyd" (which in Welsh sorts after "Lyon", unlike in English), o strings containing other non-letter symbols; e.g., euro and pound sterling symbols, quotation marks other than '"', dashes/hyphens, etc.
The security considerations for [UTF-8], [STRINGPREP], and [UNICODE- SECURITY] apply and are normative to this specification.
The results from this comparator will vary depending upon the implementation for several reasons. Implementations MUST consider whether these possibilities are a problem for their use case:
1) New characters added in Unicode may have decomposition or titlecase properties that will not be known to an implementation based upon an older revision of Unicode. This impacts step (2).
2) Step (2)(b) defines a subset of Normalization Form KD (NFKD) that does not require normalization of out-of-order diacriticals. However, an implementation MAY use an NFKD library routine that does such normalization. This impacts step (2)(b) and possibly also step (1)(a), and is an issue only with ill-formed UTF-8 input.
3) The set of charsets handled in step (1)(a) is open-ended. UTF-8 (and, by extension, US-ASCII) are the only mandatory-to-implement charsets. This impacts step (1)(a).
Implementations SHOULD, as far as feasible, support all the charsets they are likely to encounter in the input data, in order to avoid poor collation caused by the fall through to the (1)(b) rule.
4) Other charsets may have revisions which add new characters that are not known to an implementation based upon an older revision. This impacts step (1)(a) and possibly also step (1)(b).
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RFC 5051 i;unicode-casemap October 2007
An attacker may create input that is ill-formed or in an unknown charset, with the intention of impacting the results of this comparator or exploiting other parts of the system which process this input in different ways. Note, however, that even well-formed data in a known charset can impact the result of this comparator in unexpected ways. For example, an attacker can substitute U+0041 (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A) with U+0391 (GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA) or U+0410 (CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A) in the intention of causing a non-match of strings which visually appear the same and/or causing the string to appear elsewhere in a sort.
Although the UnicodeData.txt file referenced here is part of the Unicode standard, it is subject to change as new characters are added to Unicode and errors are corrected in Unicode revisions. As a result, it may be less stable than might otherwise be implied by the standards status of this specification.
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