Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) J. Levine Request for Comments: 5782 Taughannock Networks Category: Informational February 2010 ISSN: 2070-1721
DNS Blacklists and Whitelists
Abstract
The rise of spam and other anti-social behavior on the Internet has led to the creation of shared blacklists and whitelists of IP addresses or domains. The DNS has become the de-facto standard method of distributing these blacklists and whitelists. This memo documents the structure and usage of DNS-based blacklists and whitelists, and the protocol used to query them.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related research and development activities. These results might not be suitable for deployment. This RFC represents the consensus of the Anti-Spam Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). Documents approved for publication by the IRSG are not a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5782.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2010 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................2 2. Structure of an IP Address DNSBL or DNSWL .......................3 2.1. IP Address DNSxL ...........................................3 2.2. IP Address DNSWL ...........................................4 2.3. Combined IP Address DNSxL ..................................4 2.4. IPv6 DNSxLs ................................................5 3. Domain Name DNSxLs ..............................................6 4. DNSxL Cache Behavior ............................................7 5. Test and Contact Addresses ......................................7 6. Typical Usage of DNSBLs and DNSWLs ..............................8 7. Security Considerations .........................................9 8. References .....................................................10 8.1. Normative References ......................................10 8.2. Informative References ....................................10
In 1997, Dave Rand and Paul Vixie, well-known Internet software engineers, started keeping a list of IP addresses that had sent them spam or engaged in other behavior that they found objectionable. Word of the list quickly spread, and they started distributing it as a BGP feed for people who wanted to block all traffic from listed IP addresses at their routers. The list became known as the Real-time Blackhole List (RBL).
Many network managers wanted to use the RBL to block unwanted e-mail, but weren't prepared to use a BGP feed. Rand and Vixie created a DNS-based distribution scheme that quickly became more popular than the original BGP distribution. Other people created other DNS-based blacklists either to compete with the RBL or to complement it by listing different categories of IP addresses. Although some people refer to all DNS-based blacklists as "RBLs", the term properly is used for the Mail Abuse Prevention System (MAPS) RBL, the descendant of the original list. (In the United States, the term RBL is a registered service mark of Trend Micro [MAPSRBL].)
The conventional term is now DNS blacklist or blocklist, or DNSBL. Some people also publish DNS-based whitelists or DNSWLs. Network managers typically use DNSBLs to block traffic and DNSWLs to preferentially accept traffic. The structure of a DNSBL and DNSWL are the same, so in the subsequent discussion we use the abbreviation DNSxL to mean either.
This document defines the structure of DNSBLs and DNSWLs. It describes the structure, operation, and use of DNSBLs and DNSWLs but does not describe or recommend policies for adding or removing
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addresses to and from DNSBLs and DNSWLs, nor does it recommend policies for using them. We anticipate that management policies will be addressed in a companion document.
This document is a product of the Anti-Spam Research Group (ASRG) of the Internet Research Task Force. It represents the consensus of the ASRG with respect to practices to improve interoperability of DNS- based blacklists and whitelists.
Requirements Notation: The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119], with respect to recommendations for improving technical interoperability of DNSxLs.
A DNSxL is a zone in the DNS [RFC1034] [RFC1035]. The zone containing resource records identifies hosts present in a blacklist or whitelist. Hosts were originally encoded into DNSxL zones using a transformation of their IP addresses, but now host names are sometimes encoded as well. Most DNSxLs still use IP addresses.
An IPv4 address DNSxL has a structure adapted from that of the rDNS. (The rDNS, reverse DNS, is the IN-ADDR.ARPA [RFC1034] and IP6.ARPA [RFC3596] domains used to map IP addresses to domain names.) Each IPv4 address listed in the DNSxL has a corresponding DNS entry. The entry's name is created by reversing the order of the octets of the text representation of the IP address, and appending the domain name of the DNSxL.
If, for example, the DNSxL is called bad.example.com, and the IPv4 address to be listed is 192.0.2.99, the name of the DNS entry would be 99.2.0.192.bad.example.com. Each entry in the DNSxL MUST have an A record. DNSBLs SHOULD have a TXT record that describes the reason for the entry. DNSWLs MAY have a TXT record that describes the reason for the entry. The contents of the A record MUST NOT be used as an IP address. The A record contents conventionally have the value 127.0.0.2, but MAY have other values as described below in Section 2.3. The TXT record describes the reason that the IP address is listed in the DNSxL, and is often used as the text of an SMTP error response when an SMTP client attempts to send mail to a server using the list as a DNSBL, or as explanatory text when the DNSBL is used in a scoring spam filter. The DNS records for this entry might be:
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Some DNSxLs use the same TXT record for all entries, while others provide a different TXT record for each entry or range of entries that describes the reason that entry or range is listed. The reason often includes the URL of a web page where more information is available. Client software MUST check the A record and MAY check the TXT record.
If a range of addresses is listed in the DNSxL, the DNSxL MUST contain an A record (or a pair of A and TXT records) for every address in the DNSxL. Conversely, if an IP address is not listed in the DNSxL, there MUST NOT be any records for the address.
Since SMTP has no way for a server to advise a client why a request was accepted, TXT records in DNSWLs are not very useful. Some DNSWLs contain TXT records anyway to document the reasons that entries are present.
It is possible and occasionally useful for a DNSxL to be used as a DNSBL in one context and a DNSWL in another. For example, a DNSxL that lists the IP addresses assigned to dynamically assigned addresses on a particular network might be used as a DNSWL on that network's outgoing mail server or intranet web server, and used as a DNSBL for mail servers on other networks.
In many cases, an organization maintains a DNSxL that contains multiple entry types, with the entries of each type constituting a sublist. For example, an organization that publishes a DNSBL listing sources of unwanted e-mail might wish to indicate why various addresses are included in the list, with one sublist for addresses listed due to sender policy, a second list for addresses of open relays, a third list for hosts compromised by malware, and so forth. (At this point, all of the DNSxLs with sublists of which we are aware are intended for use as DNSBLs, but the sublist techniques are equally usable for DNSWLs.)
There are three common methods of representing a DNSxL with multiple sublists: subdomains, multiple A records, and bit-encoded entries. DNSxLs with sublists SHOULD use both subdomains and one of the other methods.
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Sublist subdomains are merely subdomains of the main DNSxL domain. If for example, bad.example.com had two sublists 'relay' and 'malware', entries for 192.0.2.99 would be 99.2.0.192.relay.bad.example.com or 99.2.0.192.malware.bad.example.com. If a DNSxL contains both entries for a main domain and for sublists, sublist names MUST be at least two characters and contain non-digits, so there is no problem of name collisions with entries in the main domain, where the IP addresses consist of digits or single hex characters.
To minimize the number of DNS lookups, multiple sublists can also be encoded as bit masks or multiple A records. With bit masks, the A record entry for each IP address is the logical OR of the bit masks for all of the lists on which the IP address appears. For example, the bit masks for the two sublists might be 127.0.0.2 and 127.0.0.4, in which case an entry for an IP address on both lists would be 127.0.0.6:
99.2.0.192.bad.example.com A 127.0.0.6
With multiple A records, each sublist has a different assigned value such as 127.0.1.1, 127.0.1.2, and so forth, with an A record for each sublist on which the IP address appears:
99.2.0.192.bad.example.com A 127.0.1.1 99.2.0.192.bad.example.com A 127.0.1.2
There is no widely used convention for mapping sublist names to bits or values, beyond the convention that all A values SHOULD be in the 127.0.0.0/8 range to prevent unwanted network traffic if the value is erroneously used as an IP address.
DNSxLs that return multiple A records sometimes return multiple TXT records as well, although the lack of any way to match the TXT records to the A records limits the usefulness of those TXT records. Other combined DNSxLs return a single TXT record.
The structure of DNSxLs based on IPv6 addresses is adapted from that of the IP6.ARPA domain defined in [RFC3596]. Each entry's name MUST be a 32-component hex nibble-reversed IPv6 address suffixed by the DNSxL domain. The entries contain A and TXT records, interpreted the same way as they are in IPv4 DNSxLs.
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For example, to represent the address:
2001:db8:1:2:3:4:567:89ab
in the DNSxL ugly.example.com, the entry might be:
b.a.9.8.7.6.5.0.4.0.0.0.3.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.8.b.d.0.1.0.0.2. ugly.example.com. A 127.0.0.2 TXT "Spam received."
Combined IPv6 sublist DNSxLs are represented the same way as IPv4 DNSxLs, replacing the four octets of IPv4 address with the 32 nibbles of IPv6 address.
A single DNSxL could in principle contain both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, since the different lengths prevent any ambiguity. If a DNSxL is represented using traditional zone files and wildcards, there is no way to specify the length of the name that a wildcard matches, so wildcard names would indeed be ambiguous for DNSxLs served in that fashion.
A few DNSxLs list domain names rather than IP addresses. They are sometimes called RHSBLs, for right-hand-side blacklists. The names of their entries MUST contain the listed domain name followed by the name of the DNSxL. The entries contain A and TXT records, interpreted the same way as they are in IPv4 DNSxLs.
If the DNSxL were called doms.example.net, and the domain invalid.edu were to be listed, the entry would be named invalid.edu.doms.example.net:
invalid.edu.doms.example.net A 127.0.0.2 invalid.edu.doms.example.net TXT "Host name used in phish"
Name-based DNSBLs are far less common than IP address based DNSBLs. There is no agreed convention for wildcards.
Name-based DNSWLs can be created in the same manner as DNSBLs, and have been used as simple reputation systems with the values of octets in the A record representing reputation scores and confidence values, typically on a 0-100 or 0-255 scale. Vouch By Reference [RFC5518] is a certification system similar in design and operation to a name-based DNSWL.
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The per-record time-to-live and zone refresh intervals of DNSBLs and DNSWLs vary greatly depending on the management policy of the list. The Time to Live (TTL) and refresh times SHOULD be chosen to reflect the expected rate of change of the DNSxL. A list of IP addresses assigned to dynamically allocated dialup and DHCP users could be expected to change slowly, so the TTL might be several days and the zone refreshed once a day. On the other hand, a list of IP addresses that had been observed sending spam might change every few minutes, with comparably short TTL and refresh intervals.
IPv4-based DNSxLs MUST contain an entry for 127.0.0.2 for testing purposes. IPv4-based DNSxLs MUST NOT contain an entry for 127.0.0.1.
DNSBLs that return multiple values SHOULD have multiple test addresses so that, for example, a DNSBL that can return 127.0.0.5 would have a test record for 127.0.0.5 that returns an A record with the value 127.0.0.5, and a corresponding TXT record.
IPv6-based DNSxLs MUST contain an entry for ::FFFF:7F00:2 (::FFFF: 127.0.0.2), and MUST NOT contain an entry for ::FFFF:7F00:1 (::FFFF: 127.0.0.1), the IPv4-Mapped IPv6 Address [RFC4291] equivalents of the IPv4 test addresses.
Domain-name-based DNSxLs MUST contain an entry for the [RFC2606] reserved domain name "TEST" and MUST NOT contain an entry for the reserved domain name "INVALID".
DNSxLs also MAY contain A and/or AAAA records at the apex of the DNSxL zone that point to a web server, so that anyone wishing to learn about the bad.example.net DNSBL can check http://bad.example.net.
The combination of a test address that MUST exist and an address that MUST NOT exist allows a client system to check that a domain still contains DNSxL data, and to defend against DNSxLs that deliberately or by accident install a wildcard that returns an A record for all queries. DNSxL clients SHOULD periodically check appropriate test entries to ensure that the DNSxLs they are using are still operating.
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DNSxLs can be served either from standard DNS servers, or from specialized servers like rbldns [RBLDNS] and rbldnsd [RBLDNSD] that accept lists of IP addresses and Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) ranges and synthesize the appropriate DNS records on the fly. Organizations that make heavy use of a DNSxL usually arrange for a private mirror of the DNSxL, either using the standard Full Zone Transfer (AXFR) and Incremental Zone Transfer (IXFR) or by fetching a file containing addresses and CIDR ranges for the specialized servers. If a /24 or larger range of addresses is listed, and the zone's server uses traditional zone files to represent the DNSxL, the DNSxL MAY use wildcards to limit the size of the zone file. If for example, the entire range of 192.0.2.0/24 were listed, the DNSxL's zone could contain a single wildcard for *.2.0.192.bad.example.com.
DNSBL clients are most often mail servers or spam filters called from mail servers. There's no requirement that DNSBLs be used only for mail, and other services such as Internet Relay Chat (IRC) use them to check client hosts that attempt to connect to a server.
A client MUST interpret any returned A record as meaning that an address or domain is listed in a DNSxL. Mail servers that test combined lists most often handle them the same as single lists and treat any A record as meaning that an IP address is listed without distinguishing among the various reasons it might have been listed. DNSxL clients SHOULD be able to use bit masks and value range tests on returned A record values in order to select particular sublists of a combined list.
Mail servers typically check a list of DNSxLs on every incoming SMTP connection, with the names of the DNSxLs set in the server's configuration. A common usage pattern is for the server to check each list in turn until it finds one with a DNSBL entry, in which case it rejects the connection, or one with a DNSWL entry, in which case it accepts the connection. If the address appears on no list at all (the usual case for legitimate mail), the mail server accepts the connection. In another approach, DNSxL entries are used as inputs to a weighting function that computes an overall score for each message.
The mail server uses its normal local DNS cache to limit traffic to the DNSxL servers and to speed up retests of IP addresses recently seen. Long-running mail servers MAY cache DNSxL data internally, but MUST respect the TTL values and discard expired records.
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An alternate approach is to check DNSxLs in a spam filtering package after a message has been received. In that case, the IP(s) to test are usually extracted from "Received:" header fields or URIs in the body of the message. The DNSxL results can be used to make a binary accept/reject decision, or in a scoring system.
Packages that test multiple header fields MUST be able to distinguish among values in lists with sublists because, for example, an entry indicating that an IP address is assigned to dialup users might be treated as a strong indication that a message would be rejected if the IP address sends mail directly to the recipient system, but not if the message were relayed through an ISP's mail server.
Name-based DNSBLs have been used both to check domain names of e-mail addresses and host names found in mail headers, and to check the domains found in URLs in message bodies.
Any system manager that uses DNSxLs is entrusting part of his or her server management to the parties that run the lists, and SHOULD ensure that the management policies for the lists are consistent with the policies the system manager intends to use. Poorly chosen DNSBLs might block addresses that send mail that the system manager and the system's users wish to receive. The management of DNSBLs can change over time; in some cases, when the operator of a DNSBL has wished to shut it down, he has either removed all entries from the DNSBL or installed a wildcard to list 0/0, which would produce unexpected and unwanted results for anyone using the DNSBL.
The A records in a DNSxL zone (other than the ones at the apex of the zone) represent blacklist and/or whitelist entries rather than IP addresses. Should a client attempt to use the A records as IP addresses, e.g., attempt to use a DNSxL entry name as a web or FTP server, peculiar results would ensue. If the operator of the DNSxL were to disregard the advice in Section 2.3 and put values in the A records outside of the 127/8 range, the peculiar results might not be limited to the host misusing the records. Conversely, if a system attempts to use a zone that is not a DNSxL as a blacklist or whitelist, yet more peculiar results will ensue. This situation has been observed in practice when an abandoned DNSBL domain was re- registered and the new owner installed a wildcard with an A record pointing to a web server. To avoid this situation, systems that use DNSxLs SHOULD check for the test entries described in Section 5 to ensure that a domain actually has the structure of a DNSxL, and SHOULD NOT use any DNSxL domain that does not have correct test entries.
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Since DNSxL users usually make a query for every incoming e-mail message, the operator of a DNSxL can extract approximate mail volume statistics from the DNS server logs. This has been used in a few instances to estimate the amount of mail individual IP addresses or IP blocks send [SENDERBASE] [KSN].
As with any other DNS-based services, DNSBLs and DNSWLs are subject to various types of DNS attacks, which are described in [RFC3833].