Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) K. Rehor, Ed. Request for Comments: 6341 Cisco Systems Category: Informational L. Portman, Ed. ISSN: 2070-1721 NICE Systems A. Hutton Siemens Enterprise Communications R. Jain IPC Systems August 2011
Use Cases and Requirements for SIP-Based Media Recording (SIPREC)
Abstract
Session recording is a critical requirement in many business communications environments, such as call centers and financial trading floors. In some of these environments, all calls must be recorded for regulatory and compliance reasons. In others, calls may be recorded for quality control or business analytics.
Recording is typically performed by sending a copy of the session media to the recording devices. This document specifies requirements for extensions to SIP that will manage delivery of RTP media to a recording device. This is being referred to as SIP-based Media Recording.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Not all documents approved by the IESG are a candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6341.
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Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2011 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.
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Session recording is a critical operational requirement in many businesses, especially where voice is used as a medium for commerce and customer support. A prime example where voice is used for trade is the financial industry. The call recording requirements in this industry are quite stringent. The recorded calls are used for dispute resolution and compliance. Other businesses, such as customer support call centers, typically employ call recording for quality control or business analytics, with different requirements.
Depending on the country and its regulatory requirements, financial trading floors typically must record all calls. In contrast, call centers typically only record a subset of the calls, and calls must not fail, regardless of the availability of the recording device.
Respecting the privacy rights and wishes of users engaged in a call is of paramount importance. In many jurisdictions, participants have a right to know that the session is being recorded or might be recorded, and they have a right to opt out, either by terminating the call or by demanding that the call not be recorded. Therefore, this
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document contains requirements for being able to notify users that a call is being recorded and for users to be able to request that a call not be recorded. Use cases where users participating in a call are not informed that the call is or might be recorded are outside the scope of this document. In particular, lawful intercept is outside the scope of this document.
Furthermore, a one-size-fits-all model will not fit all markets where the scale and cost burdens vary widely and where needs differ for such solution capabilities as media injection, transcoding, and security. If a standardized solution supports all of the requirements from every recording market but doing so would be expensive for markets with lesser needs, then proprietary solutions for those markets will continue to propagate. Care must be taken, therefore, to make a standards-based solution support optionality and flexibility.
This document specifies requirements for using SIP [RFC3261] between a Session Recording Client and a Session Recording Server to control the recording of media that has been transmitted in the context of a Communication Session. A Communication Session is the "call" between participants. The Session Recording Client is the source of the recorded media. The Session Recording Server is the sink of recorded media. It should be noted that the requirements for the protocol between a Session Recording Server and Session Recording Client have very similar requirements (such as codec and transport negotiation, encryption key interchange, and firewall traversal) as compared to regular SIP media sessions. The choice of SIP for session recording provides reuse of an existing protocol.
The recorded sessions can be any RTP media sessions, including voice, dual-tone multifrequency (DTMF) (as defined by [RFC4733]), video, and text (as defined by [RFC4103]).
An archived session recording is typically comprised of the Communication Session media content and the Communication Session Metadata. The Communication Session Metadata allows recording archives to be searched and filtered at a later time and allows a session to be played back in a meaningful way, e.g., with correct synchronization between the media. The Communication Session Metadata needs to be conveyed from the Session Recording Client to the Session Recording Server.
This document only considers active recording, where the Session Recording Client purposefully streams media to a Session Recording Server. Passive recording, where a recording device detects media directly from the network, is outside the scope of this document.
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119] and indicate requirement levels for compliant mechanisms.
Session Recording Server (SRS): A Session Recording Server (SRS) is a SIP User Agent (UA) that is a specialized media server or collector that acts as the sink of the recorded media. An SRS is typically implemented as a multi-port device that is capable of receiving media from multiple sources simultaneously. An SRS is the sink of the recorded session metadata.
Session Recording Client (SRC): A Session Recording Client (SRC) is a SIP User Agent (UA) that acts as the source of the recorded media, sending it to the SRS. An SRC is a logical function. Its capabilities may be implemented across one or more physical devices. In practice, an SRC could be a personal device (such as a SIP phone), a SIP Media Gateway (MG), a Session Border Controller (SBC), or a SIP Media Server (MS) integrated with an Application Server (AS). This specification defines the term "SRC" such that all such SIP entities can be generically addressed under one definition. The SRC provides metadata to the SRS.
Communication Session (CS): A session created between two or more SIP User Agents (UAs) that is the subject of recording.
Recording Session (RS): The SIP session created between an SRC and SRS for the purpose of recording a Communication Session.
Figure 1 pictorially represents the relationship between a Recording Session and Communication Session.
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+-------------+ +-----------+ | | Communication Session | | | A |<------------------------------------>| B | | | | | +-------------+ +-----------+ .................................................................. . Session . . Recording . . Client . .................................................................. | | Recording | Session | v +------------+ | Session | | Recording | | Server | +------------+
Figure 1
Metadata: Information that describes recorded media and the CS to which they relate.
Pause and Resume during a Communication Session: Pause: The action of temporarily discontinuing the transmission and collection of RS media. Resume: The action of recommencing the transmission and collection of RS media.
Most security-related terms in this document are to be understood in the sense defined in [RFC4949]; such terms include, but are not limited to, "authentication", "confidentiality", "encryption", "identity", and "integrity".
Record every CS for each specific extension/person.
The need to record all calls is typically due to business process purposes (such as transaction confirmation or dispute resolution) or to ensure compliance with governmental regulations. Applications include enterprise, contact center, and financial trading floors.
This is also commonly known as Total Recording.
Use Case 2: Selective Recording: Start a Recording Session when a Communication Session to be recorded is established.
In this example, Communication Sessions 1 and 3 are recorded but CS 2 is not.
CS |--- CS 1 ---| |--- CS 2 ---| |--- CS 3 ---|
RS |--- RS 1----| |--- RS 2 ---| t--->
Figure 3
Use Case 3: Start/Stop a Recording Session during a Communication Session.
The Recording Session starts during a Communication Session, either manually via a user-controlled mechanism (e.g., a button on a user's phone) or automatically via an application (e.g., a contact center customer service application) or business event. A Recording Session ends either during the Communication Session or when the Communication Session ends. One or more Recording Sessions may record each Communication Session.
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CS |------------- Communication Session -----------|
RS |---- RS 1 ----| |---- RS 2 -----| t--->
Figure 4
Use Case 4: Persistent Recording: A single Recording Session captures one or more Communication Sessions.
A Recording Session records continuously without interruption. Periods when there is no CS in progress must be reproduced upon playback (e.g., by recording silence during such periods, or by not recording such periods but marking them by means of metadata for utilization on playback, etc.). Applications include financial trading desks and emergency (first-responder) service bureaus. The length of a Persistent Recording Session is independent from the length of the actual Communication Sessions. Persistent Recording Sessions avoid issues such as media clipping that can occur due to delays in Recording Session establishment.
The connection and attributes of media in the Recording Session are not dynamically signaled for each Communication Session before it can be recorded; however, codec re-negotiation is possible.
In some cases, more than one concurrent Communication Session (on a single end-user apparatus, e.g., trading-floor turret) is mixed into one Recording Session:
For an active Recording Session, privacy or security reasons may demand not capturing a specific portion of a conversation. An example is for PCI (payment card industry) compliance where credit card information must be protected. One solution is not to record a caller speaking their credit card information.
An example of a real-time control is Pause/Resume.
Use Case 6: IVR / Voice Portal Recording.
Self-service Interactive Voice Response (IVR) applications may need to be recorded for application performance tuning or to meet compliance requirements.
Metadata about an IVR session recording must include session information and may include application context information (e.g., VoiceXML session variables, dialog names, etc.).
Use Case 7: Enterprise Mobility Recording.
Many agents and enterprise workers whose calls are to be recorded are not located on company premises.
Examples:
o Home-based agents or enterprise workers.
o Mobile phones of knowledge workers (e.g., insurance agents, brokers, or physicians) when they conduct work-related (and legally required recording) calls.
Use Case 8: Geographically distributed or centralized recording.
Enterprises such as banks, insurance agencies, and retail stores may have many locations, possibly up to thousands of small sites. Frequently, only phones and network infrastructure are installed in branches, without local recording services. In cases where calls inside or between branches must be recorded, a centralized recording system in data centers together with telephony infrastructure (e.g., Private Branch Exchange (PBX)) may be deployed.
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Use Case 9: Record complex call scenarios.
The following is an example of a scenario where one call that is recorded must be associated with a related call that also must be recorded.
o A Customer is in a conversation with a Customer Service Agent.
o The Agent puts the Customer on hold in order to consult with a Supervisor.
o The Agent enters into a conversation with the Supervisor.
o The Agent disconnects from the Supervisor, then reconnects with the Customer.
o The Supervisor call must be associated with the original Customer call.
Use Case 10: High availability and continuous recording.
Specific deployment scenarios present different requirements for system availability, error handling, etc., including the following:
o An SRS must always be available at call setup time.
o No loss of media recording can occur, including during failure of an SRS.
o The Communication Session must be terminated (or suitable notification given to parties) in the event of a recording failure.
Use Case 11: Record multi-channel, multimedia session.
Some applications require the recording of more than one media stream, possibly of different types. Media are synchronized, either at storage or at playback.
Speech analytics technologies (e.g., word spotting, emotion detection, speaker identification) may require speaker-separated recordings for optimum performance.
Multi-modal contact centers may include audio, video, IM, or other interaction modalities.
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In trading-floor environments, in order to minimize storage and recording system resources, it may be preferable to mix multiple concurrent calls (Communication Sessions) on different handsets/ speakers on the same turret into a single recording session.
Use Case 12: Real-time media processing.
It must be possible for an SRS to support real-time media processing, such as speech analytics of trading-floor interactions. Real-time analytics may be employed for automatic intervention (stopping interaction or alerting) if, for example, a trader is not following regulations.
Speaker separation is required in order to reliably detect who is saying specific phrases.
The following are requirements for SIP-based Media Recording:
o REQ-001: The mechanism MUST provide a means for using the SIP protocol for establishing, maintaining, and terminating Recording Sessions between a Session Recording Client and a Session Recording Server.
o REQ-002: The mechanism MUST support the ability to record all CSs in their entirety.
o REQ-003: The mechanism MUST support the ability to record selected CSs in their entirety, according to policy.
o REQ-004: The mechanism MUST support the ability to record selected parts of selected CSs.
o REQ-005: The mechanism MUST support the ability to record a CS without loss of media of RS (for example, clipping media at the beginning of the CS) due to RS recording preparation and also without impacting the quality or timing of the CS (for example, delaying the start of the CS while preparing for a recording session). See Use Case 4 in Section 4 for more details.
o REQ-006: The mechanism MUST support the recording of IVR sessions.
o REQ-007: The mechanism MUST support the recording of the following RTP media types: voice, DTMF (as defined by [RFC4733]), video, and text (as defined by [RFC4103]).
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o REQ-008: The mechanism MUST support the ability for an SRC to deliver mixed audio streams from multiple Communication Sessions to an SRS.
Note: A mixed audio stream is where several related Communication Sessions are carried in a single Recording Session. A mixed-media stream is typically produced by a mixer function. The RS MAY be informed about the composition of the mixed streams through session metadata.
o REQ-009: The mechanism MUST support the ability for an SRC to deliver mixed audio streams from different parties of a given Communication Session to an SRS.
o REQ-010: The mechanism MUST support the ability to deliver to the SRS multiple media streams for a given CS.
o REQ-011: The mechanism MUST support the ability to pause and resume the transmission and collection of RS media.
o REQ-012: The mechanism MUST include a means for providing the SRS with metadata describing CSs that are being recorded, including the media being used and the identifiers of parties involved.
o REQ-013: The mechanism MUST include a means for the SRS to be able to correlate RS media with CS participant media.
o REQ-014: Metadata format must be agnostic of the transport protocol.
o REQ-015: The mechanism MUST support a means to stop the recording.
o REQ-016: The mechanism MUST support a means for a recording-aware UA involved in a CS to request at session establishment time that the CS should be recorded or should not be recorded, the honoring of such a request being dependent on policy.
o REQ-017: The mechanism MUST support a means for a recording-aware UA involved in a CS to request during a session that the recording of the CS should be started, paused, resumed, or stopped, the honoring of such a request being dependent on policy. Such recording-aware UAs MUST be notified about the outcome of such requests.
o REQ-018: The mechanism MUST NOT prevent the application of tones or announcements during recording or at the start of a CS to support notification to participants that the call is being recorded or may be recorded.
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o REQ-019: The mechanism MUST provide a means of indicating to recording-aware UAs whether recording is taking place, for appropriate rendering at the user interface.
o REQ-020: The mechanism MUST provide a way for metadata to be conveyed to the SRS incrementally during the CS.
o REQ-021: The mechanism MUST NOT prevent high-availability deployments.
o REQ-022: The mechanism MUST provide means for facilitating synchronization of the recorded media streams and metadata.
o REQ-023: The mechanism MUST provide means for facilitating synchronization among the recorded media streams.
o REQ-024: The mechanism MUST provide means to relate recording and recording controls, such as start/stop/pause/resume, to the wall clock time.
o REQ-025: The mechanism MUST provide means for an SRS to authenticate the SRC on RS initiation.
o REQ-026: The mechanism MUST provide means for an SRC to authenticate the SRS on RS initiation.
o REQ-027: The mechanism MUST include a means for ensuring that the integrity of the metadata sent from the SRC to the SRS is an accurate representation of the original CS metadata.
o REQ-028: The mechanism MUST include a means for ensuring that the integrity of the media sent from the SRC to the SRS is an accurate representation of the original CS media.
o REQ-029: The mechanism MUST include a means for ensuring the confidentiality of the metadata sent from the SRC to the SRS.
o REQ-030: The mechanism MUST provide a means to support RS confidentiality.
o REQ-031: The mechanism MUST support the ability to deliver to the SRS multiple media streams of the same media type (e.g., audio, video). One example is the case of delivering unmixed audio for each participant in the CS.
Respecting the privacy rights and wishes of users engaged in a call is of paramount importance. In many jurisdictions, participants have a right to know that the session is being recorded or might be recorded, and they have a right to opt out, either by terminating the call or by demanding that the call not be recorded. Therefore, this document contains requirements for being able to notify users that a call is being recorded and for users to be able to request that a call not be recorded. Use cases where users participating in a call are not informed that the call is or might be recorded are outside the scope of this document. In particular, lawful intercept is outside the scope of this document.
Requirements for participant notification of recording vary widely by jurisdiction. In a given deployment, not all users will be authorized to stop the recording of a CS (although any user can terminate its participation in a CS). Typically, users within the domain that is carrying out the recording will be subject to policies of that domain concerning whether CSs are recorded. For example, in a call center, agents will be subject to policies of the call center and may or may not have the right to prevent the recording of a CS or part of a CS. Users calling into the call center, on the other hand, will typically have to ask the agent not to record the CS. If the agent is unable to prevent recording, or if the caller does not trust the agent, the only option generally is to terminate the CS.
Privacy considerations also extend to what happens to a recording once it has been created. Typical issues are who can access the recording (e.g., receive a copy of the recording, view the metadata, play back the media, etc.), for what purpose the recording can be used (e.g., for training purposes, for quality control purposes, etc.), and for how long the recording is to be retained before deletion. These are typically policies of the domain that makes the recording, rather than policies of individual users involved in a recorded CS, whether those users be in the same domain or in a different domain. Taking the call center example again, agents might be made aware of call center policy regarding retention and use of recordings as part of their employment contract, and callers from outside the call center might be given some information about policy when notified that a CS will be recorded (e.g., through an announcement that says that calls may be recorded for quality purposes).
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This document does not specify any requirements for a user engaged in a CS to be able to dictate policy for what happens to a recording, or for such information to be conveyed from an SRC to an SRS. It is assumed that the SRS has access to policy applicable to its environment and can ensure that recordings are stored and used in accordance with that policy.
Session recording has substantial security implications, for the SIP UAs being recorded, the SRC, and the SRS.
For the SIP UAs involved in the Communication Session, the requirements in this document enable the UA to identify that a Communication Session is being recorded and to request that a given Communication Session not be subject to recording.
Since humans don't typically look at or know about protocol signaling such as SIP, and indeed the SIP session might have originated through a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) gateway without any ability to pass on in-signaling indications of recording, users can be notified of recording in the media itself through voice announcements, a visual indicator on the endpoint, or other means.
With regard to security implications of the protocol(s), clearly there is a need for authentication, authorization, and eavesdropping protection for the solution. The SRC needs to know the SRS it is communicating with is legitimate, and vice versa, even if they are in different domains. Both the signaling and media for the Recording Session need the ability to be authenticated and protected from eavesdropping. Requirements are detailed in Section 5.
Communication Sessions and Recording Sessions can require different security levels both for signaling and media, depending on deployment configurations. For some environments, e.g., the SRS and SRC will be collocated in a secure network region, and therefore the RS will not require the same protection level as a CS that extends over a public network, for example. For other environments, the SRS can be located in a public cloud, for example, and the RS will require a higher protection level than the CS. For these reasons, there is not a direct relationship between the security level of Communication Sessions and the security level of Recording Sessions.
A malicious or corrupt SRC can tamper with media and metadata relating to a CS before sending the data to an SRS. Also, CS media and signaling can be tampered with in the network prior to reaching an SRC, unless proper means are provided to ensure integrity protection during transmission on the CS. Means for ensuring the
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correctness of media and metadata emitted by an SRC are outside the scope of this work. Other organizational and technical controls will need to be used to prevent tampering.
Thanks to Dan Wing, Alan Johnson, Vijay Gurbani, Cullen Jennings, Hadriel Kaplan, Henry Lum, Dave Smith, Martin Palmer, Alissa Cooper, Deepanshu Gautam, Paul Kyzivat, Parthasarathi R, Ram Mohan R, and Charles Eckel for their significant contributions and assistance with this document and the SIPREC WG, and to all the members of the DISPATCH WG and SIPREC WG mailing lists for providing valuable input to this work.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3261] Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., Camarillo, G., Johnston, A., Peterson, J., Sparks, R., Handley, M., and E. Schooler, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol", RFC 3261, June 2002.
[RFC4103] Hellstrom, G. and P. Jones, "RTP Payload for Text Conversation", RFC 4103, June 2005.
[RFC4733] Schulzrinne, H. and T. Taylor, "RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals", RFC 4733, December 2006.
[RFC4949] Shirey, R., "Internet Security Glossary, Version 2", FYI 36, RFC 4949, August 2007.
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Authors' Addresses
Ken Rehor (editor) Cisco Systems 170 West Tasman Dr. Mail Stop SJC30/2/ San Jose, CA 95134 USA
EMail: krehor@cisco.com
Leon Portman (editor) NICE Systems 8 Hapnina Ra'anana 43017 Israel