Internet Architecture Board (IAB) T. Hardie, Ed. Request for Comments: 8558 April 2019 Category: Informational ISSN: 2070-1721
Transport Protocol Path Signals
Abstract
This document discusses the nature of signals seen by on-path elements examining transport protocols, contrasting implicit and explicit signals. For example, TCP's state machine uses a series of well-known messages that are exchanged in the clear. Because these are visible to network elements on the path between the two nodes setting up the transport connection, they are often used as signals by those network elements. In transports that do not exchange these messages in the clear, on-path network elements lack those signals. Often, the removal of those signals is intended by those moving the messages to confidential channels. Where the endpoints desire that network elements along the path receive these signals, this document recommends explicit signals be used.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and represents information that the IAB has deemed valuable to provide for permanent record. It represents the consensus of the Internet Architecture Board (IAB). Documents approved for publication by the IAB are not candidates for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8558.
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Copyright Notice
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................3 2. Signal Types Inferred ...........................................4 2.1. Session Establishment ......................................4 2.1.1. Session Identity ....................................4 2.1.2. Routability and Intent ..............................4 2.1.3. Flow Stability ......................................5 2.1.4. Resource Requirements ...............................5 2.2. Network Measurement ........................................5 2.2.1. Path Latency ........................................5 2.2.2. Path Reliability and Consistency ....................5 3. Options .........................................................5 3.1. Do Not Restore These Signals ...............................6 3.2. Replace These with Network-Layer Signals ...................6 3.3. Replace These with Per-Transport Signals ...................6 3.4. Create a Set of Signals Common to Multiple Transports ......6 4. Recommendation ..................................................7 5. IANA Considerations .............................................8 6. Security Considerations .........................................8 7. Informative References ..........................................9 IAB Members at the Time of Approval ...............................10 Acknowledgements ..................................................10 Author's Address ..................................................10
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This document discusses the nature of signals seen by on-path elements examining transport protocols, contrasting implicit and explicit signals. For example, TCP's state machine uses a series of well-known messages that are exchanged in the clear. Because these are visible to network elements on the path between the two nodes setting up the transport connection, they are often used as signals by those network elements. While the architecture of the Internet may be best realized by end-to-end protocols [RFC1958], there are cases such as the use of Network Address Translators [RFC3234] where some functions are commonly provided by on-path network elements. In transports that do not exchange these messages in the clear, on-path network elements lack those signals. Often, the removal of those signals is intended by those moving the messages to confidential channels. Where the endpoints desire that network elements along the path receive these signals, this document recommends explicit signals be used.
The interpretation of TCP [RFC0793] by on-path elements is an example of implicit signal usage. It uses cleartext handshake messages to establish, maintain, and close connections. While these are primarily intended to create state between two communicating nodes, these handshake messages are visible to network elements along the path between them. It is common for certain network elements to treat the exchanged messages as signals that relate to their own functions.
A firewall may, for example, create a rule that allows traffic from a specific host and port to enter its network when the connection was initiated by a host already within the network. It may subsequently remove that rule when the communication has ceased. In the context of TCP handshake, it sets up the pinhole rule on seeing the initial TCP SYN acknowledgement and then removes it upon seeing a RST or FIN and ACK exchange. Note that in this case, it does nothing to rewrite any portion of the TCP packet; it simply enables a return path that would otherwise have been blocked.
When a transport encrypts the fields it uses for state mechanics, these signals are no longer accessible to path elements. The behavior of path elements will then depend on which signal is not available, on the default behavior configured by the path element administrator, and by the security posture of the network as a whole.
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The following list of signals that may be inferred from transport state messages includes those that may be exchanged during session establishment and those that derive from the ongoing flow.
Some of these signals are derived from the direct examination of packet sequences, such as using a sequence number gap pattern to infer network reliability; others are derived from association, such as inferring network latency by timing a flow's packet inter-arrival times.
This list is not exhaustive, and it is not the full set of effects due to encrypting data and metadata in flight. Note as well that because these are derived from inference, they do not include any path signals that would not be relevant to the endpoint state machines; indeed, an inference-based system cannot send such signals.
One of the most basic inferences made by examination of transport state is that a packet will be part of an ongoing flow; that is, an established session will continue until messages are received that terminate it. Path elements may then make subsidiary inferences related to the session.
Path elements that track session establishment will typically create a session identity for the flow, commonly using a tuple of the visible information in the packet headers. This is then used to associate other information with the flow.
A second common inference that session establishment provides is that the communicating pair of hosts can each reach each other and are interested in continuing communication. The firewall example given above is a consequence of that inference; because the internal host initiates the connection, it is presumed to want to receive return traffic. That, in turn, justifies the pinhole.
Some other on-path elements assume that a host that asked to communicate with a remote address has authorized receiving incoming communications from any other host (e.g., Endpoint-Independent Mapping or Endpoint-Independent Filtering [RFC7857]). This is, for example, the default behavior in Network Address and Protocol Translation from IPv6 Clients to IPv4 Servers (NAT64).
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Some on-path devices that are responsible for load-sharing or load- balancing may be instructed to preserve the same path for a given flow rather than dispatching packets belonging to the same flow on multiple paths as this may cause packets in the flow to be delivered out of order.
An additional common inference is that network resources will be required for the session. These may be requirements within the network element itself, such as table entry space for a firewall or NAT; they may also be communicated by the network element to other systems. For networks that use resource reservations, this might result in reservation of radio air time, energy, or network capacity.
Some network elements will also observe transport messages to engage in measurement of the paths that are used by flows on their network. The list of measurements below is illustrative, not exhaustive.
There are several ways in which a network element may measure path latency using transport messages, but two common ones are examining exposed timestamps and associating sequence numbers with a local timer. These measurements are necessarily limited to measuring only the portion of the path between the system that assigned the timestamp or sequence number and the network element.
A network element may also measure the reliability of a particular path by examining sessions that expose sequence numbers; retransmissions and gaps are then associated with the path segments on which they might have occurred.
The set of options below are alternatives that optimize very different things. Though it comes to a preliminary conclusion, this document intends to foster a discussion of those trade-offs, and any discussion of them must be understood as preliminary.
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It is possible, of course, to do nothing. The transport messages were not necessarily intended for consumption by on-path network elements, and encrypting them so they are not visible may be taken by some as a benefit. Each network element would then treat packets without these visible elements according to its own defaults. While our experience of that is not extensive, one consequence has been that state tables for flows of this type are generally not kept as long as those for which sessions are identifiable. The result is that heartbeat traffic must be maintained to keep any bindings (e.g., NAT or firewall) from early expiry. When those bindings are not kept, methods like a QUIC connection-id [QUIC] may be necessary to allow load balancers or other systems to continue to maintain a flow's path to the appropriate peer.
It would be possible to replace these implicit signals with explicit signals at the network layer. Though IPv4 has relatively few facilities for this, IPv6 hop-by-hop headers [RFC7045] might suit this purpose. Further examination of the deployability of these headers may be required.
It is possible to replace these implicit signals with signals that are tailored to specific transports, just as the initial signals are derived primarily from TCP. There is a risk here that the first transport that develops these will be reused for many purposes outside its stated purpose, simply because it traverses NATs and firewalls better than other traffic. If done with an explicit intent to reuse the elements of the solution in other transports, the risk of ossification might be slightly lower.
3.4. Create a Set of Signals Common to Multiple Transports
Several proposals use UDP [RFC0768] as a demux layer, onto which new transport semantics are layered. For those transports, it may be possible to build a common signaling mechanism and set of signals, such as that proposed in "Transport-Independent Path Layer State Management" [PLUS].
This may be taken as a variant of the reuse of common elements mentioned in the section above, but it has a greater chance of avoiding the ossification of the solution into the first moving protocol.
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The IAB urges protocol designers to design for confidential operation by default. We strongly encourage developers to include encryption in their implementations and to make them encrypted by default. We similarly encourage network and service operators to deploy encryption where it is not yet deployed, and we urge firewall policy administrators to permit encrypted traffic. One of the consequences of the change will be the loss of implicit signals.
Fundamentally, this document recommends that implicit signals should be avoided and that an implicit signal should be replaced with an explicit signal only when the signal's originator intends that it be used by the network elements on the path. For many flows, this may result in the signal being absent but allows it to be present when needed.
Discussion of the appropriate mechanism(s) for these signals is continuing, but at a minimum, any method should aim to adhere to these basic principles:
o The portion of protocol signaling that is intended for end-system state machines should be protected by confidentiality and integrity protection such that it is only available to those end systems.
o Anything exposed to the path should be done with the intent that it be used by the network elements on the path. This information should be integrity protected, so that end systems can detect if path elements have made changes in flight.
o Signals exposed to the path should be decoupled from signals that drive the protocol state machines in endpoints. This avoids creating opportunities for additional inference.
o Intermediate path elements should not add visible signals that identify the user, origin node, or origin network [RFC8164]. Note that if integrity protection is provided as suggested above, any signals added by intermediate path elements will be clearly distinguishable from those added by endpoints, as they will not be within the integrity-protected portion of the packet.
The IAB notes that methods for allowing on-path actors to verify integrity protection are not available unless those actors have shared keys with the end systems or share a common set of trust points. As a result, integrity protection can generally be reliably applied by and verified only by endpoints.
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Verifying the authenticity of signals generated by on-path actors is similarly difficult. Endpoints that consume signals generated by on-path actors, particularly where those signals are unauthenticated, need to fully consider the implications of doing so. Managing the authentication of on-path signals is an area of active research, and defining or recommending methods for it is outside the scope of this document.
Path-visible signals allow network elements along the path to act based on the signaled information, whether the signal is implicit or explicit. If the network element is controlled by an attacker, those actions can include dropping, delaying, or mishandling the constituent packets of a flow. An attacker may also characterize the flow or attempt to fingerprint the communicating nodes based on the pattern of signals.
Note that actions that do not benefit the flow or the network may be perceived as an attack even if they are conducted by a responsible network element. Designing a system that minimizes the ability to act on signals at all by removing as many signals as possible may reduce this possibility. This approach also comes with risks, principally that the actions will continue to take place on an arbitrary set of flows.
Addition of visible signals to the path also increases the information available to an observer and may, when the information can be linked to a node or user, reduce the privacy of the user.
When signals from endpoints to the path are independent from the signals used by endpoints to manage the flow's state mechanics, they may be falsified by an endpoint without affecting the peer's understanding of the flow's state. For encrypted flows, this divergence is not detectable by on-path devices. The intent of this practice may be to garner improved treatment from the network or to avoid strictures. Protocol designers should be cautious when introducing explicit signals to consider how falsified signals would impact protocol operation and deployment. Similarly, operators should be cautious in deployments to be sure that default operation without these signals does not encourage gaming the system by providing false signals.
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[PLUS] Kuehlewind, M., Trammell, B., and J. Hildebrand, "Transport-Independent Path Layer State Management", Work in Progress, draft-trammell-plus-statefulness-04, November 2017.
[QUIC] Iyengar, J., Ed. and M. Thomson, Ed., "QUIC: A UDP-Based Multiplexed and Secure Transport", Work in Progress, draft-ietf-quic-transport-19, March 2019.
[RFC7857] Penno, R., Perreault, S., Boucadair, M., Ed., Sivakumar, S., and K. Naito, "Updates to Network Address Translation (NAT) Behavioral Requirements", BCP 127, RFC 7857, DOI 10.17487/RFC7857, April 2016, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7857>.
RFC 8558 Transport Protocol Path Signals April 2019
IAB Members at the Time of Approval
Jari Arkko Alissa Cooper Ted Hardie Christian Huitema Gabriel Montenegro Erik Nordmark Mark Nottingham Melinda Shore Robert Sparks Jeff Tantsura Martin Thomson Brian Trammell Suzanne Woolf
Acknowledgements
In addition to the editor listed in the header, this document incorporates contributions from Brian Trammell, Mirja Kuehlewind, Martin Thomson, Aaron Falk, Mohamed Boucadair, and Joe Hildebrand. These ideas were also discussed at the PLUS BoF, sponsored by Spencer Dawkins. The ideas around the use of IPv6 hop-by-hop headers as a network-layer signal benefited from discussions with Tom Herbert. The description of UDP as a demuxing protocol comes from Stuart Cheshire. Mark Smith, Kazuho Oku, Stephen Farrell, and Eliot Lear provided valuable comments on earlier draft versions of this document.